Table 2.

Pharmacokinetic parameters of each probe substrate before (Day 0) and after (Day 22) red clover dietary supplementation for 2 weeks in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women (N=15). Data are expressed as [ln(mean) ± ln(standard error)]. GR (22:0) = geometric means ratio of Day 22 to Day 0; 90% CI = 90% confidence interval for the GR (22:0).

Substrate (Enzyme)	PK parameter	Day 0	Day 22	%Change in mean	GR (22:0)	90% CI	p-value
Caffeine (CYP1A2)	AUC (h*μg/L)	10.00 ± 0.07	9.97 ± 0.10	0.74	0.97	(0.82; 1.15)	0.932
	T1/2 (h)	1.65 ± 0.07	1.56 ± 0.08	−7.59	0.91	(0.80; 1.05)	0.310
	Tmax (h)	−0.57 ± 0.16	−0.70 ± 0.10	−23.81	0.87	(0.62; 1.24)	0.324
	Cmax (μg/L)	7.98 ± 0.07	8.12 ± 0.07	13.92	1.15	(1.04; 1.27)	0.0355
	CL/F (L/h)	1.51 ± 0.07	1.54 ± 0.10	6.51	1.03	(0.87; 1.21)	0.566
Tolbutamide (CYP2C9)	AUC (h*μg/L)	12.90 ± 0.09	12.93 ± 0.08	1.74	1.03	(0.97; 1.09)	0.637
	T1/2 (h)	2.16 ± 0.05	2.20 ± 0.05	4.12	1.04	(0.99; 1.10)	0.195
	Tmax (h)	1.24 ± 0.16	1.37 ± 0.13	9.09	1.14	(0.91; 1.42)	0.433
	Cmax (μg/L)	10.15 ± 0.06	10.17 ± 0.06	1.91	1.01	(0.92; 1.12)	0.735
	CL/F (L/h)	−0.47 ± 0.09	−0.50 ± 0.08	−3.91	0.97	(0.91; 1.03)	0.252
Dextromethorphan (CYP2D6)	AUC (h*μg/L)	3.33 ± 0.22	3.34 ± 0.20	−3.10	1.01	(0.85; 1.21)	0.726
	T1/2 (h)	2.20 ± 0.08	2.24 ± 0.08	3.62	1.04	(0.97; 1.12)	0.322
	Tmax (h)	0.76 ± 0.11	0.91 ± 0.10	14.89	1.17	(0.95; 1.44)	0.366
	Cmax (μg/L)	1.13 ± 0.19	1.11 ± 0.19	3.41	0.98	(0.75; 1.27)	0.815
	CL/F (L/h)	6.98 ± 0.22	6.97 ± 0.20	−7.69	0.99	(0.83; 1.18)	0.615
Alprazolam (CYP3A4/5)	AUC (h*μg/L)	6.34 ± 0.06	6.36 ± 0.06	2.77	1.03	(0.98; 1.08)	0.295
	T1/2 (h)	2.79 ± 0.05	2.80 ± 0.06	0.43	1.00	(0.95; 1.06)	0.880
	Tmax (h)	−0.03 ± 0.20	−0.40 ± 0.08	−48.78	0.69	(0.46; 1.04)	0.0723
	Cmax (μg/L)	3.35 ± 0.08	3.54 ± 0.09	24.45	1.22	(1.08; 1.36)	0.0121
	CL/F (L/h)	1.27 ± 0.06	1.24 ± 0.06	−3.15	0.97	(0.93; 1.02)	0.241