Table 5.
Phenolic compounds excreted (mg/100 g) by faeces and urine in the three experimental groups.
| Faeces | Urine | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Compound | AOM-HF | AOM-HF-AS1 | AOM-HF-AS1.5 | AOM-HF | AOM-HF-AS1 | AOM-HF-AS1.5 |
| Chlorogenic acid | nd | 5.18 ± 2.23 | 9.23 ± 3.53 * | nd | 4.64 ± 2.94 | 5.33 ± 2.21 |
| p-Coumaric acid | nd | 2.90 ± 1.71 | 4.60 ± 3.18 | nd | 1.81 ± 0.55 | 3.99 ± 0.21 * |
| Caffeic acid | nd | 4.79 ± 3.66 | 6.50 ± 3.75 | nd | 1.81 ± 0.30 | 3.33 ± 1.06 |
| Ferulic acid | nd | 0.57 ± 0.43 | 1.00 ± 0.81 | nd | 0.63 ± 0.10 | 1.22 ± 0.21 * |
| Gallic acid | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
| Phloridzin | nd | 4.05 ± 1.39 | 5.50 ± 1.82 | nd | 1.57 ± 0.62 | 2.92 ± 1.33 |
| Phloretin | nd | 0.32 ± 0.25 | 0.38 ± 0.25 | nd | 0.30 ± 0.30 | 1.97 ± 0.45 * |
| Phloretin derivative | nd | 1.55 ± 0.25 | 2.63 ± 0.97 * | nd | nd | nd |
| Epicatechin | nd | 14.47 ± 8.30 | 28.39 ± 14.10 | nd | nd | nd |
| Catechin | nd | 7.91 ± 3.59 | 9.62 ± 3.63 | nd | nd | nd |
| Procyanidin B1 | nd | 3.50 ± 1.25 | 6.49 ± 2.95 * | nd | nd | nd |
| Procyanidin B2 | nd | 1.43 ± 0.99 | 1.93 ± 0.89 | nd | nd | nd |
| Quercetin | nd | nd | 0.26 ± 0.30 | nd | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.15 ± 0.05 |
| Quercetin-3-glucoside | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
Values are mean ± SD (n = 9 mice/group). Asterisk in the same row denotes significant difference at p < 0.05 as assessed by the Student’s test. AOM-HF, high-fat diet; AOM-HF-AS1, high-fat diet + apple extract 1%; AOM-HF-AS1.5, high-fat diet + apple extract 1.5%.