Table 1.

Plant source and pharmacological activity of indole compounds.

Compounds	Plant Source	Posology (Route, Dose)	Subject	Method	Identified Effect	References
Scholarisine I, II, III, F	Alstonia rupestris	-	Fungi	Disc diffusion method	Antifungal	[5]
Scholarisine I, VI	Alstonia rupestris	-	Enzyme	Enzyme inhibition assay	Anti-inflammatory	[5]
Kopsihainin D, E, F	Kopsia hainanensis	-	Bacteria	Disc agar diffusion method	Antibacterial	[6]
Kopsiflorine	Kopsia hainanensis	-	Bacteria	Disc agar diffusion method	Antibacterial	[6]
Erchinine A, B	Ervatamia chinensis	-	Bacteria Fungus	Broth microdilution method	Antibacterial, Antifungal	[7]
Melokhanine B, D, E, F	Melodinus khasianus	-	Bacteria	Broth microdilution method	Antibacterial	[8]
Melokhanine B, D, E, F	Melodinus khasianus	-	Bacteria	Broth microdilution method	Antibacterial	[8]
Strictamine	Alstonia scholaris	-	Virus	-	Antiviral	[9]
17-nor-excelsinidine	Alstonia scholaris	-	Virus	-	Antiviral	[9]
Trigonoliimine	Trigonostemon lii	-	Virus	Microtiter syncytium formation infectivity assay	Antiviral	[10]
Naucleaoffine A, B	Nauclea officinalis		Virus		Antiviral	[11]
Mitragynine	Mitragyna speciosa	Intraperitoneal, 10 and 30 mg/kg	Mice	Forced swim test, Tail suspension test	Antidepressant	[12]
Lyaloside	Psychotria suterella	-	Rat brain mitochondria	Enzymatic assay	Antidepressant	[13]
Strictosamide	Psychotria laciniata	-	Rat brain mitochondria	Enzymatic assay	Antidepressant	[13]
Harmane	Peganum harmala	Intraperitoneal, 5–15 mg/kg	Mice	Forced swim test	Antidepressant	[14]
Norharmane	Peganum harmala	Intraperitoneal, 2.5–10 mg/kg	Mice	Forced swim test	Antidepressant	[14]
Harmine	Peganum harmala	Intraperitoneal, 5–15 mg/kg	Mice	Forced swim test	Antidepressant	[14]
Psychollatine	Psychotria umbellate	3, 7.5, and 15 mg/kg	Mice	Hole-board test, Forced swim test	Antidepressant	[15]
Tabersonine	Melodinus fusiformis	-	Human tumor cell line	MTT assay	Anticancer	[16]
Brucine	Strychnos nux-vomica	-	Human hepatoma cell line	MTT-colorimetric assay	Anticancer	[17]
Naucleaoral A, B	Nauclea orientalis	-	Human cancer cell line	MTT-colorimetric assay	Anticancer	[18]
Vallesiachotamine	Anthocephalus cadamba	-	Human lung cancer cell line	MTT assay	Anticancer	[19]
Iso-vallesiachotamine	Anthocephalus cadamba	-	Human lung cancer cell line	MTT assay	Anticancer	[19]
Ervachinine A, C, D	Ervatamia chinensis	-	Human cancer cell line	MTT assay	Anticancer	[20]
Jerantinine A, B	Tabernaemontana corymbosa		Human cancer cell line	MTT assay	Anticancer	[21]
Melaxilline A, B	Melodinus axillaris.	-	Rat	Platelet-activating factor induced inhibition assay	Anti-inflammatory	[22]
Perakine N4-oxide	Alstonia yunnanensis.	-	Enzyme	Enzyme inhibition assay	Anti-inflammatory	[23]
Raucaffrinoline N4-oxide	Alstonia yunnanensis.	-	Enzyme	Enzyme inhibition assay	Anti-inflammatory	[23]
Vinorine N4-oxide	Alstonia yunnanensis.	-	Enzyme	Enzyme inhibition assay	Anti-inflammatory	[23]
Strictosamide	Nauclea officinalis	Intraperitoneal, 20 and 40 mg/kg	Mice	Hot plate test, Writhing test	Analgesic	[24]
Strictosamide	Psychotria laciniata	Intravenous, 20 and 40 mg/kg	Mice	Acetic acid and TPA-induced assay	Anti-inflammatory	[24]
Brucine	Strychnos nux-vomica	Intraperitoneal, 30, 15, and 7.5 mg/kg	Mice	Formalin test	Analgesic	[25]
Brucine	Strychnos nux-vomica	Intraperitoneal, 30, 20, 14.7, and 10.3 mg/kg	Mice	Hot plate test	Analgesic	[25]
Brucine	Strychnos nux-vomica	Intraperitoneal, 30, 15, 7.5, and 3.75 mg/kg	Mice	Writhing test	Analgesic	[25]
Brucine N-oxide	Strychnos nux-vomica	Intraperitoneal, 200, 100 and 50 mg/kg	Mice	Formalin test	Analgesic	[25]
Brucine N-oxide	Strychnos nux-vomica	Intraperitoneal, 200, 140, 98, and 68 mg/kg	Mice	Hot plate test	Analgesic	[25]
Brucine N-oxide	Strychnos nux-vomica	Intraperitoneal, 200, 100, 50, and 25 mg/kg	Mice	Writhing test	Analgesic	[25]
Mitragynine	Mitragyna speciosa	Intraperitoneal, 3–35 mg/kg	Mice	Hot plate test	Analgesic	[26]
7-hydroxymitragynine	Mitragyna speciosa	Subcutaneous, 2.5–10 mg/kg	Mice	Hot plate test, Tail flick test	Analgesic	[27]
Umbellatine	Psychotria umbellate	100–300 mg/kg	Mice	Tail-flick test, Hot-plate test, Formalin test and Capsaicin-induced pain test	Analgesic	[28]
Vindoline	Catharanthus roseus	-	Enzyme, Myoblast cell	Enzyme inhibition assay, Glucose uptake activity assay	Antidiabetic	[29]
Vindolidine	Catharanthus roseus	-	Enzyme, Myoblast cell	Enzyme inhibition assay, Glucose uptake activity assay	Antidiabetic	[29]
Vindolicine	Catharanthus roseus	-	Enzyme, Myoblast cell	Enzyme inhibition assay, Glucose uptake activity assay	Antidiabetic	[29]
Vindolinine	Catharanthus roseus	-	Enzyme, Myoblast cell	Enzyme inhibition assay, Glucose uptake activity assay	Antidiabetic	[29]
Vindogentianine	Catharanthus roseus	-	Enzyme, Myoblast cell	Enzyme inhibition assay, Glucose uptake activity assay	Antidiabetic	[30]
Akuammicine	Picralima nitida	-	Myoblast cell	Glucose uptake activity assay	Antidiabetic	[31]
Ellipticine	Aspidosperma vargasii	Oral, Subcutaneous, 50, 10 and 1 mg/kg/day	Mice	Suppressive test	Antimalarial	[32]
Olivacine	Aspidosperma olivaceum.	Oral, Subcutaneous, 100, 50, 10, and 1 mg/kg/day	Mice	Suppressive test	Antimalarial	[32]
Flinderole A, B, C	Flindersia acuminate F. amboinensis	-	Malarial Parasite	Micrdilution method	Antimalarial	[33]
Apisdospermin		-	Malarial Parasite	Micrdilution method	Antimalarial	[34]
Aspidospermine	Aspidosperma pyrifolium	-	Malarial Parasite	Micrdilution method	Antimalarial	[34]
Demethoxy-aspidospermine	Aspidosperma pyrifolium	-	Malarial Parasite	Micrdilution method	Antimalarial	[34]
Vallesine	Aspidosperma pyrifolium	-	Malarial Parasite	Micrdilution method	Antimalarial	[34]
Palosine	Aspidosperma pyrifolium	-	Malarial Parasite	Micrdilution method	Antimalarial	[34]
Geissolosimine	Geissospermum vellosii	-	Malarial Parasite	Parasite lactate dehydrogenase assay	Antimalarial	[35]
Geissospermine	Geissospermum vellosii	-	Malarial Parasite	Parasite lactate dehydrogenase assay	Antimalarial	[35]
Geissoschizoline	Geissospermum vellosii	-	Malarial Parasite	Parasite lactate dehydrogenase assay	Antimalarial	[35]
Geissoschizone	Geissospermum vellosii	-	Malarial Parasite	Parasite lactate dehydrogenase assay	Antimalarial	[35]
Naucline	Nauclea officinalis	Injection, 1 × 10−5 M	Rat	Phenylephrine-induced vasodilation assay	Hypotensive	[36]
Angustine	Nauclea officinalis	Injection, 1 × 10−5 M	Rat	Phenylephrine-induced vasodilation assay	Hypotensive	[36]
Angustidine	Nauclea officinalis	Injection, 1 × 10−5 M	Rat	Phenylephrine-induced vasodilation assay	Hypotensive	[36]
Nauclefine	Nauclea officinalis	Injection, 1 × 10−5 M	Rat	Phenylephrine-induced vasodilation assay	Hypotensive	[36]
Naucletine	Nauclea officinalis	Injection, 1 × 10−5 M	Rat	Phenylephrine-induced vasodilation assay	Hypotensive	[36]
Alstilobanine A, B, C	Alstonia angustiloba	-	Rat	Phenylephrine-induced vasodilation assay	Hypotensive	[37]
Undulifoline	Alstonia undulifolia	-	Rat	Phenylephrine-induced vasodilation assay	Hypotensive	[37]
Taberniacin A, B	Tabernaemontana divaricata	-	Rat	Phenylephrine-induced vasodilation assay	Hypotensive	[38]
Villocarine A	Uncaria villosa	Injection, 30 μM	Rat	Phenylephrine-induced vasodilation assay	Hypotensive	[39]
Macusine B	Rauvolfia reflexa	-	Cholinesterase Enzyme	Cholinesterase Inhibition assay	Anticholinesterase	[40]
Vinorine	Rauvolfia reflexa	-	Cholinesterase Enzyme	Cholinesterase Inhibition assay	Anticholinesterase	[40]
Isoreserpiline	Rauvolfia reflexa	-	Cholinesterase Enzyme	Cholinesterase Inhibition assay	Anticholinesterase	[40]
Rescinnamine	Rauvolfia reflexa	-	Cholinesterase Enzyme	Cholinesterase Inhibition assay	Anticholinesterase	[40]
Voacangine hydroxyindolenine	Tabernaemontana australis	-	Cholinesterase Enzyme	Cholinesterase Inhibition assay	Anticholinesterase	[41]
Rupicoline	Tabernaemontana australis	-	Cholinesterase Enzyme	Cholinesterase Inhibition assay	Anticholinesterase	[41]
Coronaridine	Ervatamia hainanensis	-	Cholinesterase Enzyme	Cholinesterase Inhibition assay	Anticholinesterase	[42]
Voacangine	Ervatamia hainanensis	-	Cholinesterase Enzyme	Cholinesterase Inhibition assay	Anticholinesterase	[42]
Angustidine	Nauclea officinalis	-	Cholinesterase Enzyme	Cholinesterase Inhibition assay	Anticholinesterase	[43]
Nauclefine	Nauclea officinalis	-	Cholinesterase Enzyme	Cholinesterase Inhibition assay	Anticholinesterase	[43]
Angustine	Nauclea officinalis	-	Cholinesterase Enzyme	Cholinesterase Inhibition assay	Anticholinesterase	[43]
Harmane	Perganum harmala	100–200 µM	Rabbit Platelet	-	Antiplatelet	[44]
Harmine	Perganum harmala	100–200 µM	Rabbit Platelet	-	Antiplatelet	[44]
Harmol	Perganum harmala	100–200 µM	Rabbit Platelet	-	Antiplatelet	[44]
Kurryam	Murraya koenigii	10, 30, and 50 mg/kg	Rat	Castor oil-induced test	Antidiarrheal	[45]
Koenimbine	Murraya koenigii	10, 30, and 50 mg/kg	Rat	Castor oil-induced test	Antidiarrheal	[45]
Bisnordihydrotoxiferine	Strychnos trinervis	Intraperitoneal, 3.12–25.00 mg/kg	Rat, Mice	Castor oil, Magnesium sulfate, and Arachidonic acid-induced diarrhea test	Antidiarrheal	[46]
Trinervine	Strychnos trinervis	-	Rat fundic strip, Guinea-pig ileum	Arachidonic acid, 5-hydroxytryptamine, Histamine, and Carbachol mediated contractions	Spasmolytic	[47]
Bisnordihydrotoxiferine	Strychnos diuaricuns	-	Rat uterus Guinea-pig ileum	Acetylcholine, Oxytocin-induced contraction, and Histamine-induced contractions	Spasmolytic	[48]
Normacusine B	Strychnos atlantica	0.1, 0.3, 1.0, and 3.0 μM	Rat aorta	Phenylephrine and Serotonin-induced contractions.	Spasmolytic	[49]
Harmine	Perganum harmala	1–100 μM	Guinea-Pig Trachea	Histamine, Carbachol, and KCl-induced contractions	Spasmolytic	[50]
Harmane	Perganum harmala	1–100 μM	Guinea-Pig Trachea	Histamine, Carbachol, and KCl-induced contractions	Spasmolytic	[50]
Harmaline	Perganum harmala	1–100 Μm	Guinea-Pig Trachea	Histamine, Carbachol, and KCl-induced contractions	Spasmolytic	[50]
Ramiflorine A, B	Aspidosperma ramiflorum	-	Parasite		Antileishmanial	[51]
Ellipticine	Ochrosia borbonica	0.01–10 µmol·L−1	Mouse fibroblast cells	Triglyceride assay	Lipid-lowering	[52]
9-methoxyellipticine	Ochrosia borbonica	0.01–10 µmol·L−1	Mouse fibroblast cells	Triglyceride assay	Lipid-lowering	[52]
Vincamine	Vinca minor	Oral, 20 and 30 mg/kg	Rat		Lipid-lowering	[53,54]
Coronaridine	Tabernaemontana ternifolia	-	Bacteria	Microplate Alamar blue assay	Antimycobacterial	[55]
Globospiramine	Voacanga globosa	-	Bacteria	Microplate Alamar blue assay and Low-oxygen recovery assay	Antimycobacterial	[56]
Ibogaine	Tabernaemontana citrifolia	-	Bacteria	Bactec radiometric methodology	Antimycobacterial	[57]
Voacangine	Tabernaemontana citrifolia	-	Bacteria	Bactec radiometric methodology	Antimycobacterial	[57]
Voacamine	Tabernaemontana arborea.	-	Bacteria	Resazurin microtiter assay	Antimycobacterial	[58]