Table 1.
Maternal characteristics.
| Intervention Group (n = 952) |
Control Group (n = 947) |
Total (n = 1899) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-pregnancy age, years a | 30.3 ± 4.2 | 30.6 ± 4.5 | 30.4 ± 4.4 |
| Pre-pregnancy weight, kg a | 68.3 ± 12.9 | 67.9 ± 13.5 | 68.1 ± 13.2 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2 a | 24.4 ± 4.3 | 24.3 ± 4.5 | 24.3 ± 4.4 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI category, n (%) | |||
| BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m2 | 615/952 (64.6%) | 628/947 (66.3%) | 1243/1899 (65.5%) |
| BMI 25.0–29.9 kg/m2 | 230/952 (24.2%) | 205/947 (21.6%) | 435/1899 (22.9%) |
| BMI 30.0–40.0 kg/m2 | 107/952 (11.2%) | 114/947 (12.0%) | 221/1899 (11.6%) |
| GWG, kg a | 14.0 ± 5.3 | 14.0 ± 5.2 | 14.0 ± 5.3 |
| Excessive GWG, n (%) b | 423/948 (44.6%) | 422/940 (44.9%) | 845/1888 (44.8%) |
| Educational level, n (%) c | |||
| General secondary school | 131/951 (13.8%) | 152/946 (16.1%) | 283/1897 (14.9%) |
| Intermediate secondary school | 412/951 (43.3%) | 389/946 (41.1%) | 801/1897 (42.2%) |
| High school | 408/951 (42.9%) | 405/946 (42.8%) | 813/1897 (42.9%) |
| Country of birth, n (%) | |||
| Germany | 923/952 (97.0%) | 914/945 (96.7%) | 1837/1897 (96.8%) |
| Others | 29/952 (3.0%) | 31/945 (3.3%) | 60/1897 (3.2%) |
| Caesarean section, n (%) | 275/951 (28.9%) | 256/946 (27.1%) | 531/1897 (28.0%) |
| Preterm birth, n (%) | 62/949 (6.5%) | 55/947 (5.8%) | 117/1896 (6.2%) |
| Parity | |||
| Primiparous, n (%) | 603/952 (63.3%) | 509/947 (53.7%) | 1112/1899 (58.6%) |
| Multiparous, n (%) | |||
| 1 more child | 291/952 (30.6%) | 346/947 (36.5%) | 637/1899 (33.5%) |
| ≥2 more children | 58/952 (6.1%) | 92/947 (9.7%) | 150/1899 (7.9%) |
Abbreviations: BMI: Body mass index; GWG: Gestational weight gain; SD: Standard deviation. a Mean ± SD (all such values). b Excessive GWG as classified by the IOM criteria [5]. c General secondary school: General school, which is completed through year 9; Intermediate secondary school: Vocational secondary school, which is completed through year 10; High school: Academic high school, which is completed through year 12 or 13.