Table 2.
Mean daily intake of selected food groups in the intervention and control groups.
| Time Point | Intervention Group | Control Group | n a | Adjusted Effect Size b (95% CI) | Adjusted p Value b | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Mean ± SD | n | Mean ± SD | |||||
| Caffeinated beverages (ml/day) | T1pp | 897 | 172.17 ± 197.55 | 893 | 191.48 ± 235.54 | 1673 | 3.17 (−23.86, 30.20) | 0.818 |
| T2pp | 791 | 283.26 ± 339.91 | 776 | 286.97 ± 296.64 | 1483 | 10.10 (−4.74, 24.94) | 0.182 | |
| Time effect | p < 0.001 c | p < 0.001 c | ||||||
| Soft drinks (ml/day) | T1pp | 897 | 161.49 ± 301.67 | 893 | 246.42 ± 617.64 | 1674 | −72.44 (−107.00, −37.88) | <0.001 |
| T2pp | 791 | 160.57 ± 458.54 | 776 | 222.57 ± 592.33 | 1484 | −41.04 (−90.10, 8.02) | 0.101 | |
| Time effect | p = 0.980 c | p = 0.124 c | ||||||
| Vegetables (g/day) | T1pp | 897 | 171.49 ± 156.65 | 891 | 157.74 ± 143.82 | 1670 | 12.81 (−4.21, 29.83) | 0.140 |
| T2pp | 790 | 200.39 ± 173.66 | 776 | 180.96 ± 150.26 | 1481 | 17.90 (3.53, 32.27) | 0.015 | |
| Time effect | p < 0.001 c | p < 0.001 c | ||||||
| Fruit (g/day) | T1pp | 897 | 206.62 ± 239.97 | 890 | 197.06 ± 194.46 | 1669 | 9.31 (−11.90, 30.51) | 0.390 |
| T2pp | 790 | 205.80 ± 192.72 | 776 | 194.52 ± 179.86 | 1481 | 8.62 (−14.11, 31.36) | 0.457 | |
| Time effect | p = 0.828 c | p = 0.965 c | ||||||
| Nuts (g/day) | T1pp | 891 | 3.13 ± 7.65 | 887 | 3.23 ± 13.69 | 1659 | −0.12 (−0.50, 0.26) | 0.537 |
| T2pp | 791 | 2.18 ± 5.82 | 773 | 2.03 ± 6.02 | 1476 | 0.02 (−0.33, 0.37) | 0.916 | |
| Time effect | p < 0.001 c | p = 0.009 c | ||||||
| Dairy products (g/day) |
T1pp | 898 | 344.12 ± 308.86 | 893 | 317.24 ± 302.89 | 1675 | 30.95 (6.70, 55.20) | 0.012 |
| T2pp | 791 | 298.96 ± 260.15 | 777 | 304.01 ± 327.06 | 1484 | 2.88 (−18.56, 24.32) | 0.792 | |
| Time effect | p < 0.001 c | p = 0.172 c | ||||||
| Cheese (g/day) | T1pp | 890 | 110.56 ± 116.24 | 883 | 107.21 ± 103.85 | 1652 | 1.39 (−13.90, 16.68) | 0.859 |
| T2pp | 788 | 97.15 ± 93.44 | 774 | 95.78 ± 103.77 | 1473 | 2.53 (−4.65, 9.72) | 0.489 | |
| Time effect | p = 0.003 c | p = 0.005 c | ||||||
| Fish (g/day) | T1pp | 897 | 17.02 ± 17.09 | 891 | 15.43 ± 19.01 | 1672 | 1.60 (0.81, 2.39) | <0.001 |
| T2pp | 791 | 17.01 ± 16.53 | 775 | 16.46 ± 16.09 | 1483 | 0.10 (−0.59, 0.80) | 0.768 | |
| Time effect | p = 0.971 c | p = 0.169 c | ||||||
| Meat and meat products (g/day) | T1pp | 898 | 99.07 ± 63.20 | 893 | 100.64 ± 67.05 | 1675 | −1.72 (−4.18, 0.73) | 0.169 |
| T2pp | 791 | 97.19 ± 55.68 | 777 | 95.53 ± 62.00 | 1484 | 1.17 (−5.67, 8.01) | 0.738 | |
| Time effect | p = 0.371 c | p = 0.040 c | ||||||
| Sweets and snacks (g/day) | T1pp | 898 | 96.34 ± 88.48 | 893 | 96.57 ± 115.94 | 1676 | −0.04 (−10.83, 10.75) | 0.994 |
| T2pp | 791 | 78.22 ± 68.28 | 777 | 76.62 ± 58.13 | 1485 | 3.66 (−1.58, 8.90) | 0.171 | |
| Time effect | p < 0.001 c | p < 0.001 c | ||||||
| Fast food (g/day) | T1pp | 898 | 42.83 ± 33.80 | 893 | 43.77 ± 35.24 | 1675 | −2.25 (−4.08, −0.42) | 0.016 |
| T2pp | 791 | 38.29 ± 26.73 | 777 | 43.17 ± 36.06 | 1484 | −4.09 (−5.36, −2.82) | <0.001 | |
| Time effect | p < 0.001 c | p = 0.738 c | ||||||
Abbreviations: T1pp: Assessment 6–8 weeks postpartum; T2pp: Assessment one year postpartum; SD: Standard deviation; CI: Confidence interval. a The total of participant numbers varies due to the applied covariates. b Linear regression models fit using generalised estimating equations adjusted for pre-pregnancy BMI category, age, parity, baseline assessment and time interval between questionnaire completion date and birth date of the child. c Linear mixed models for repeated measures adjusted for pre-pregnancy Body Mass Index (BMI) category, age and parity.