Table 4.
Mean energy and macronutrient intake in the intervention and control groups.
| Time Point | Intervention Group | Control Group | n a | Adjusted Effect Size b (95% CI) | Adjusted p Value b | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Mean ± SD | n | Mean ± SD | |||||
| Energy (kcal/day) | T1pp | 838 | 2236.99 ± 748.68 | 824 | 2227.84 ± 717.31 | 1440 | 1.55 (−93.15, 96.26) | 0.974 |
| T2pp | 736 | 2084.14 ± 645.78 | 706 | 2083.67 ± 693.66 | 1273 | 17.90 (−28.64, 64.43) | 0.451 | |
| Time effect | p < 0.001 c | p < 0.001 c | ||||||
| Carbohydrates (E%) | T1pp | 838 | 46.18 ± 8.50 | 824 | 46.77 ± 9.30 | 1440 | −0.26 (−1.60, 1.07) | 0.701 |
| T2pp | 736 | 45.62 ± 9.32 | 706 | 46.32 ± 9.34 | 1273 | −0.80 (−1.91, 0.32) | 0.162 | |
| Time effect | p = 0.084 c | p = 0.424 c | ||||||
| Saccharose (g/day) | T1pp | 838 | 53.85 ± 28.91 | 824 | 54.34 ± 30.53 | 1440 | 1.83 (0.89, 2.76) | <0.001 |
| T2pp | 736 | 45.15 ± 24.43 | 706 | 46.12 ± 25.74 | 1273 | −0.15 (−2.06, 1.77) | 0.882 | |
| Time effect | p < 0.001 c | p < 0.001 c | ||||||
| Fibre (g/day) | T1pp | 838 | 21.78 ± 9.51 | 824 | 20.98 ± 9.09 | 1440 | 0.34 (−0.62, 1.29) | 0.491 |
| T2pp | 736 | 21.63 ± 8.95 | 706 | 20.86 ± 8.93 | 1273 | 0.55 (−0.24, 1.35) | 0.172 | |
| Time effect | p < 0.001 c | p < 0.001 c | ||||||
| Fat (E%) | T1pp | 838 | 35.04 ± 7.49 | 824 | 34.55 ± 7.80 | 1440 | 0.23 (−0.93, 1.39) | 0.698 |
| T2pp | 736 | 34.77 ± 8.09 | 706 | 34.35 ± 7.66 | 1273 | 0.38 (−0.52, 1.27) | 0.411 | |
| Time effect | p = 0.230 c | p = 0.096 c | ||||||
| Protein (E%) | T1pp | 838 | 18.57 ± 4.07 | 824 | 18.40 ± 4.51 | 1440 | 0.17 (−0.13, 0.47) | 0.262 |
| T2pp | 736 | 18.86 ± 4.25 | 706 | 18.48 ± 4.23 | 1273 | 0.46 (0.05, 0.86) | 0.028 | |
| Time effect | p = 0.017 c | p = 0.253 c | ||||||
| Alcohol (g/day) | T1pp | 838 | 0.55 ± 1.57 | 824 | 0.79 ± 2.72 | 1440 | −0.24 (−0.58, 0.10) | 0.159 |
| T2pp | 736 | 2.03 ± 2.59 | 706 | 2.34 ± 3.62 | 1273 | −0.27 (−0.49, −0.06) | 0.014 | |
| Time effect | p < 0.001 c | p < 0.001 c | ||||||
| HEI | T1pp | 898 | 55.82 ± 8.37 | 893 | 54.81 ± 8.38 | 1676 | 0.64 (−0.11, 1.39) | 0.093 |
| T2pp | 791 | 56.22 ± 8.78 | 777 | 55.11 ± 8.33 | 1485 | 0.85 (0.03, 1.68) | 0.043 | |
| Time effect | p < 0.001 c | p < 0.001 c | ||||||
Abbreviations: HEI: Healthy Eating Index; T1pp: Assessment 6–8 weeks postpartum; T2pp: Assessment one year postpartum; SD: Standard deviation; CI: confidence interval. a The total of participant numbers varies due to the applied covariates. b Linear regression models fit using generalised estimating equations adjusted for pre-pregnancy BMI category, age, parity, baseline intake and time interval between questionnaire completion date and birth date of the child. c Linear mixed models for repeated measures adjusted for pre-pregnancy BMI category, age and parity.