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. 2021 Apr 15;11(4):245. doi: 10.3390/metabo11040245

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Top-ranked urinary biomarkers associated with adherence to EEN among pediatric IBD patients (n = 10), namely (A) octanoylglucuronide and (B) pantothenic acid. Box-whisker plots show a specific elevation in the excretion of both urinary metabolites following the initiation of EEN as compared to CS therapy at 2 and 4 weeks relative to baseline levels when using a repeat measures 2-way ANOVA with strong effect sizes. Additionally, metabolic trajectories for urinary octanoylglucuronide and pyridoxic acid are also shown for individual IBD patients in the two treatment arms (CD-EEN; UC/CD-CS, n = 8) over 8 weeks, including one CD patient who was later switched to EEN from CS after 2–3 weeks (CD-CS/EEN). This clinical treatment course change is more evident in the urinary excretion of octanoylglucuronide than pantothenic acid.