Table 1.
Pediatric patients diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with clinical measurements based on mean values and errors as ±1 SD. All biochemical measurements were derived from serum, urine or stool, whereas disease location was based on endoscopy and magnetic resonance enterography imaging.
| Criteria | CD (n = 18) | UC (n = 8) |
|---|---|---|
| Age | 13 ± 2 | 12 ± 3 |
| Sex; male:female | 11:7 | 4:4 |
| Diagnosis < 1 month (%) | 13 (72%) | 6 (75%) |
| EEN; CS treatment arm (n) | 15; 3 | 1; 7 |
| Serum CRP (mg/L) 1 | 40 ± 40 | 36 ± 65 |
| FCP (µg/g) 1 | 3240 ± 2210 | 2558 ± 1150 |
| Hemoglobin (g/L) 1 | 109 ± 18 | 110 ± 16 |
| ESR (mm/h) 1 | 37 ± 26 | 43 ± 23 |
| Albumin (g/L) 1 | 28.2 ± 4.8 | 30.4 ± 2.3 |
| WBC (×109/L) 1 | 8.1 ± 2.3 | 7.3 ± 2.0 |
| Urinary creatinine (mg/L) | 11.0 ± 5.2 | 9.1 ± 6.6 |
| Urine osmolality (mOsm/kg) | 480 ± 190 | 408 ± 250 |
| Disease location: | ||
| Ileocolonic | 11 | NA |
| Ileocolonic + UGI | 2 | NA |
| Colonic | 2 | 8 |
| Colonic + UGI | 3 | NA |
| Maintenance medications: 2 | ||
| Biologic | 1 (2) | 0 (0) |
| Immunomodulator | 2 (10) | 0 (0) |
| 5-ASA | 0 (2) | 1 (5) |
| Biologic + Immunomodulator | 2 (2) | 1 (2) |
| Clinical outcomes: 3 | ||
| Remission; Response; No response | 11; 7; 0 | 4; 1; 2 |
1 There were no significant differences (p > 0.05, Mann–Whitney U test) measured in serological and stool biomarkers of inflammation between CD and UC children. 2 Maintenance medications prior to and (after) EEN or CS therapy, including biologics: adalimumab or infliximab; immunomodulators: methotrexate or azathioprine; 5-ASA: 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalamine); combination biologics: adalimumab + azathioprine or methotrexate. 3 Clinical improvement was defined as a decrease in the PUCAI or modified PCDAI from baseline enrolment, and clinical remission was defined as a score of <10 in each scale. Remission was defined as clinical remission and biochemical markers within normal limits (FCP < 250 μg/g). Abbreviations include, CD: Crohn’s disease; ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate; FCP: fecal calprotectin; UC: ulcerative colitis; PCDAI: pediatric Crohn’s disease activity index; PUCAI: pediatric ulcerative colitis activity index; UGI: upper gastrointestinal tract. One UC patient dropped out during the clinical intervention study.