Table 1.
Summarised characteristics of traditional skin antiseptic formulations.
| Drug | Concentration | Formulation Type | Combination | Carrier Polymer | Manufacturing Technique | Study Characteristics | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) |
Dermal polymeric patch | Eudragit RL100 | To characterize properties of developed patches regarding their drug release and antimicrobial activity | [36] | |||
| Chlorhexidine gluconate | 2% CHG in 70% isopropyl alcohol (IPA) | Solution | Acrylate copolymer | To test the effectiveness of adding a film-forming acrylate copolymer to a topical CHG-based preparation on minimizing CHG loss, compared to a marketed CHG solution | [70] | ||
| Chlorhexidine gluconate | 2% CHG in 70% IPA | Solution | To contrast the residual effects of 2% CHG in 70% IPA v/v and 1% triclosan in 70% IPA v/v on skin bacterial communities | [33] | |||
| Chlorhexidine gluconate | 2% CHG in 70% IPA | Solution | To compare the antiseptic activity of 10% sodium hypochlorite and 2% CHG in 70% IPA | [71] | |||
| Chlorhexidine gluconate | 2% CHG in 70% ethanol | Solution | To appraise the desiccation and ethanol resistance of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii with biofilms (MDRAB-Bs). To compare the antiseptic activities of a combination of CHG and 70% ethanol with 70% ethanol disinfectants used for MDRAB-Bs |
[72] | |||
| Chlorhexidine base | Mucoadhesive polymer patches | Psyllium and three types of semi-synthetic hydroxypropyl methyl celluose | A casting-solvent evaporation technique | To test the effectiveness of polysaccharide psyllium in the mucoadhesive patches for controlling release | [73] | ||
| Triclosan | Methoxy amidated pectin- based mucoadhesive buccal patch | β-cyclodextrin | To develop buccal patches and determine drug release, antimicrobial and in vitro absorption from patches |
[74] | |||
| Triclosan | 0.3% | Soap | To study the in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity in soap | [75] | |||
| Triclosan | 0.3% | Shampoo | To assess the antimicrobial efficacy of the shampoo against bacteria and fungi | [76] | |||
| Povidone-iodine (PVP-I) |
10% | Ointment | To compare the in vitro antibiofilm effect of diluted PVP-I ointment with other six tested products against P. aeruginosa and multi-species biofilms of C. albicans and MRSA | [77] | |||
| Povidone-iodine | 4% PVP-I skin cleanser, 7.5% PVP-I surgical scrub, 10% PVP-I solution and 3.2% PVP-I/alcohol solution | Hand wash and hand rub | To study the in vitro potency of four hand hygiene formulations of povidone iodine against Ebola virus | [78] | |||
| Povidone-Iodine | Alginate hydrogels | Vancomycin | Vancomycin loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) by ionic gelation method | Modified ionic gelation method | To assess in vitro release of vancomycin and PVP-I from the hydrogel. To assess the bactericidal and antibiofilm efficacy of hydrogels |
[79] | |
| Povidone-Iodine | 1% and 2% | Solution | To analyse the effectiveness and safety of 1% or 2% PVP-I topical solution in patients with cancer therapy-associated paronychia during 6–8 weeks. | [80] | |||
| Thiolated PVP and Thiolated PVP-iodine complex |
Solution | 2-(2-acryloyl–Ethyl disulfanyl)-nicotinic acid (ACENA) | To test in vitro mucoadhesive properties and the release of iodine from thiolated PVP-Iodine complexes | [81] | |||
| Isopropanol | 75% (w/w) | Hand rub | Glycerol 0.725% (w/w) | To investigate the role of glycerol in pre-surgical hand rub products, based on EN 12791, especially after 3 h of application | [82] | ||
| Isopropyl alcohol | 70% (v/v) | Solution | To study the potency of isopropyl alcohol and chlorhexidine in the prevention of blood cultures impurities | [83] | |||
| Ethanol | 96% | Solution | Isopropanol-30 g and ortophenilphenol-0.1 g | To determine the effect of the combination of 96% ethanol, 30 g isopropanol, 0.1 g ortophenilphenol and PVP-I in minimizing surgical-site infections, compared to that of single use PVP-I | [84] | ||
| Silver Chloride | Colloidal solution | To study the suspension potency on the microbial autotrophic and heterotrophic growth | [85] | ||||
| Benzethonium chloride (BZT) | 0.2% | Lotion | To test the antimicrobial efficacy of an ethanol- based antiseptic and water-based antiseptic products containing 0.2% BZT | [86] | |||
| Tea tree oil | 3% | Soap | To assess the potency of 0.3% Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil versus 0.5% triclosan hand soap formulations | [87] | |||
| Tea tree oil | Tea tree 10% cream, tea tree 5% body wash | To compare the efficacy of the combination of tea tree 10% cream and tea tree 5% body wash with the standard theory in eliminating MRSA | [88] | ||||
| Triclosan | 0.1–0.45% w/v | Soap | To evaluate the efficacy of soaps with and without triclosan and investigate potential hazards in the emergence of antibiotic resistance | [89] | |||
| Tea tree oil | 4% tea tree oil nasal ointment and 5% tea tree oil body wash | To compare the ability to eradicate MRSA between the combination of a 4% tea tree oil nasal ointment and 5% tea tree oil body wash with a standard theory of 2% mupirocin nasal ointment and triclosan body wash | [90] |