Table 2.
Summarised characteristics of advanced skin antiseptic formulations.
| Drug | Concentration | Formulation Type | Combination | Carrier Polymer | Manufacturing Technique | Study Characteristics | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chlorhexidine gluconate | 0.2% | Nanogel containing magnetic Cobalt iron oxide nanoparticles | Chitosan and gelatin | Solution casting method | To investigate the release and pH-dependent response of chlorhexidine gluconate from a magnetic nanogel | [109] | |
| Chlorhexidine base | Poly(epsilon-caprolactone) nanocapsules | Poly(epsilon-caprolactone) | Solvent displacement method | To evaluate the antibacterial ability of poly(epsilon-caprolactone) nanocapsules containing chlorhexidine base and the absorption of active into the stratum corneum | [110] | ||
| Chlorhexidine base | α-, β-, and γ-cyclodextrin methacrylate (CD-MA) containing poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) based nanogels | CD-MA containing nanogels were synthesized by the radical precipitation polymerization technique | To study the capacity of chlorhexidine base in PMMA nanogels. To assess the bactericidal against Staphylococcus aureus of CD-MA nanogels |
[111] | |||
| Chlorhexidine digluconate | Nanoemulsions | Eucalyptus oil (EO) or Olive oil (OO) | HSH followed by probe ultrasonication | To investigate the drug release, skin permeation and retention of CHG from nanoemulsions. To evaluate impact of methacrylate powder dressing in controlling the CHG release | [112] | ||
| Triclosan (TCS) |
Chitosan-coated nanocapsule | Poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) | Interfacial deposition of preformed polymers | To characterize properties of nanocapsule comprised of α-bisabolol and TCS. To study the antimicrobial activity against tested pathogens. To testify the compatibility as incorporating nanocapsule into wound dressings |
[113] | ||
| Triclosan | 10%, 30%, and 50% | Poly-L-lactide (PLLA)/triclosan nanoparticles | Poly-L-lactide (PLLA) | Emulsification–diffusion technique | To evaluate the release of triclosan from PLLA nanoparticles and its antimicrobial activities | [114] | |
| Triclosan | 0.5% w/w | Nanoparticles stabilized by branched diblock copolymers | Branched diblock copolymers: PEG-b-PNIPAM (BDP 1); PEG-b-PBMA (BDP 2); PEG-b-PSty (BDP 3) |
Emulsion-freeze-drying technique | To assess fungicidal ability against C. albicans of triclosan nanoparticles | [115] | |
| Triclosan | Nanoparticles | Eudragit E 100 | Emulsification–diffusion by solvent displacement method | To compare in vitro percutaneous permeation of nanoparticles containing triclosan, with two commercial formulations used for treating acne, including a solution and an o/w emulsion | [116] | ||
| Triclosan | Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) | Glyceryl behenate (GB) and Glyceryl palmitostearate (GP) | Hot high shear homogenisation followed by probe ultrasonication | To investigate the impact of SLNs in delivery of TCS to deeper skin layers and hair follicles and compare the permeation ability of GB-SLNs and GP-SLNs | [112] | ||
| Triclosan | Nanoemulsions | Eucalyptus oil (EO) or Olive oil (OO) | HSH followed by probe ultrasonication method | To develop and characterise stable nanoemulsion formulations. To evaluate the ability of NEs in improving skin retention of TCN |
[112] | ||
| Tea tree essential oil (TTO) | 10.0 mg mL−1 | Nanoemulsions (TTO-NE) and polymeric nanocapsules (TTO-NC) | Poly(e-caprolactone) | TTO-NE by spontaneous emulsification and TTO-NC by interfacial deposition of the preformed polymer methods | To investigate the in vitro fungicidal potency against Trichophyton rubrum of TTO-NE and TTO-NC systems | [117] | |
| Tea tree essential oil (TTO) | Hydrogels containing Nanoemulsions (TTO-NE) and nanocapsules (TTO-NC) | Poly(e-caprolactone) | Nanoemulsion: spontaneous emulsification Nanocapsules: interfacial deposition of preformed polymer |
To evaluate physicochemical properties of hydrogels and their efficacy in wound healing and protecting skin from UV-B rays | [118] | ||
| Tea tree oil (TTO) | Emulgel (EG) containing TTO-loaded nanoemulsion (NE) | Nanoemulsion: High energy emulsification | To evaluate the physicochemical properties, the ex vivo penetration, antimicrobial potency and safety of topical emulgel | [119] | |||
| Tea tree oil (TTO) | Nanoemulsions (NE) | Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) | To investigate cytotoxicity as well as antimicrobial ability of the prepared nanoemulsions against clindamycin-resistant Escherichia coli and S. aureus.
To appraise the synergistic effect of TTO NE and Ag NPs against tested microorganisms |
[120] | |||
| Silver | Silver nanoparticle (Ag NPs) | Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) | To estimate the suspension efficacy on the autotrophic and heterotrophic growth. To investigate silver species properties |
[85] | |||
| Benzalkonium chloride (BZK) | 0.6% BZK for in vitro studies and 0.2% BZK for in vivo studies. | Nanoemulsion | EDTA | High-energy homogenization using high shear conditions | To evaluate the in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial effect against isolated bacterial species | [121] | |
| Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) | Oil in water nanoemulsions | To assess the fungicidal potency | [122] | ||||
| Polyhexanide (PHMB) | 0.05% | nanoparticle-emulsion | Lipofundin® MCT 20% | To compare the efficacy of a particle- and non-particle antiseptic formulations | [123] | ||
| Poly-hexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride (PHMB) and cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) |
0.2 and 2.0% (w/w) of PHMB0.05 and 2.5% (w/w) of CPC | Liquid crystalline systems (LCS) | glyceryl monooleate (GMO) | To investigate the release of PHMB from liquid crystalline systems, and its antimicrobial activity as incorporated into these systems | [103] | ||
| Octenidine dihydrochloride | 0.1% | Phosphatidylcholine formulation | Soybean phosphatidylcholine (Phospholipon 90G) | To assess the antimicrobial potency of octenidine formulations | [124] | ||
| Thyme oil | 1,2 and 3% v/v | Nanoemulsion | Chitosan-Alginate | Ultrasonication | To investigate the potential application of alginate–chitosan polyelectrolyte complexes films containing thyme oil nanoemulsion in wound dressings | [125] |