Table 3.

Comparison of current methods for characterization of target binding and kinetics of bioconjugates

Method	Time	Instrument	Easy-To-Use	Amount of Total Ab	Amount of Active Ab	Kinetics of TBB	Kinetics of MPB	Equilibrium Constants	Prognostic Ability	Ref.
Proposed method	20 min	Magnetic detector	YES	YES	YES	YES	YES	YES	YES	Present work
Lateral flow methods	5–30 min	Magnetic or optical detector	YES	NO	NO	NO	YES	NO	NO	[60]
Label-free techniques	30 min—4 h	Label-free detector	NO	NO	YES	NO	YES	YES	NO	[42,61]
Radioactive labels-based methods	Up to 12 h	Detector of radiolabels	NO	YES	YES	NO	YES	YES	NO	[62,63]
Optomagnetic combined with supernatant assay	Up to 6 h	Optomagnetic biosensor platform	NO	YES	YES	YES	YES	YES	NO	[64]
Mathematical model-based methods	Depends on experiments required	Depends on experiments required	NO	NO	YES	YES	YES	YES	YES	[65]
ELISA-based methods	2–16 h	Microplate and plate reader	NO	YES	YES	NO	NO	YES	NO	[66,67,68]
SDS-PAGE analysis	2 h	Phast system apparatus	NO	YES	NO	NO	NO	NO	NO	[67,69]
Fluorescence-based assays	1–2 h	Spectrofluorimeter	NO	YES	NO	NO	NO	NO	NO	[70,71,72]
BCA/Bradford/ Lowry assays	30–60 min	Microplate and plate reader	YES	YES	NO	NO	NO	NO	NO	[68,73,74]