Table 1.
Comparison of the factors contribute to atherogenesis between prediabetes and diabetes.
| Normal | Prediabetes | Diabetes | Refs | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 86.4 ± 8.6 | 93.4 ± 11 | 120.2 ± 19 | [26] |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.3 ± 0.2 | 6.0 ± 0.3 | 7.1 ± 0.5 | [26] |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 189–202 | 196–203 | 189–200 | [26,27] |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 48–55 | 46–48 | 39–45 | [26,27] |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 120–121 | 126–129 | 121–126 | [26,27] |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 86–111 | 93–126 | 120–147 | [26,27] |
| hs-CRP (mg/L) | 1.4–2.1 | 2.4–3.4 | 4.0–4.5 | [26,27] |
| esRAGE (ng/mL) | 0.52 ± 0.26 | 0.32 ± 0.18 | 0.3 ± 0.19 | [26] |
| S100A12 (ng/mL) | 5.35 ± 3.38 | 7.13 ± 5.4 | 8.41 ± 4.44 | [26] |
| Adiponectin (μg/mL) | 9.52 ± 0.49 | 6.15 ± 0.49 | 6.57 ± 0.457 | [28] |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 1.77 ± 0.23 | 2.00 ± 0.14 | 2.84 ± 0.62 | [29] |
| Resistin (ng/mL) | 5.11 ± 1.56 | 9.16 ± 3.06 | 14.5 ± 5.31 | [30] |
| TNF-α (pg/mL) | 1.31 (0.69–2.25) |
1.68 (0.79–2.01) |
1.41 (0.83–1.86) |
[31] |
| White blood cell (103/μL) | 6.4 ± 1.6 | 7.1 ± 1.8 | 7.2 ± 1.8 | [26] |
| Intima-media thickness (mm) | 0.67 (0.6–0.73) |
0.75 (0.65–0.78) |
0.78 (0.7–0.92) |
[26] |
| Pulse wave velocity (m/sec) | 7.1 ± 1.7 | 7.6 ± 1.6 | 8.6 ± 1.7 | [26] |
| Coronary plaque progression (odds ratio) | - | 1.338 | 1.635 | [32] |
| Coronary artery calcification (odds ratio) | - | 1.253 | 2.215 | [33] |
| Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease events (%) | 14.24 | 17.81 | 30.40 | [27] |
HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; esRAGE, endogenous secretory advanced glycation end-products; IL-6, interleukin-6; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α.