Fig. 2. Population history and timing of population divergence for Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis).

Thick coloured lines depict temporal fluctuations in effective population size (N_e) for the three populations with each coloured line representing one individual from each population. Dotted/dashed black curves represent the pseudodiploid sex chromosomes (i.e., X chromosome) used to infer pairwise population divergence times, with the curves going to infinity at the respective time of divergence. The X-axis corresponds to time before present in years on a log scale, assuming a substitution rate (μ) of 2.34 × 10⁻⁸ substitutions/site/generation^30,82 and a generation time (g) of 12 years⁷⁶. The y-axis corresponds to N_e. The grey rectangle depicts the last glaciation. Bootstrap tests were conducted with 100 replicates (Supplementary Fig. 4).