Table 2.
Underlying antimicrobial mechanism of action of common flavonoids found in honey.
| Flavonoids | Structures | Mechanism | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Apigenin |  |
Inhibits DNA gyrase, chrysin, kaempferol | (Estevinho et al., 2008, Collins et al., 2019) |
| 2 | Catechin |  |
Hydrogen peroxide generation | (Das et al. 2015) |
| 3 | Galangin |  |
Inhibition of peptidoglycan and ribosome synthesis | (Lou et al. 2011) |
| 4 | Luteolin |  |
Inhibition of FAS-I in mycobacteria and inhibition of DNA helicases DnaB and RecBCD | (Collins et al. 2019) |
| 5 | Myricetin |  |
DNA B helicase inhibition | (Lou et al. 2012) |
| 6 | Pinocembrin |  |
Induces cell lysis | (Collins et al. 2019) |