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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: West J Nurs Res. 2020 Oct 26;43(7):613–621. doi: 10.1177/0193945920969422

Table 4.

Associations between change in blood pressure and the demographic, clinical, and health behavioral characteristics

Outcome Variable Covariates Est. of β SE(β) 95% CI (β) P value
Systolic BP, mmHg Employment 0.407 1.605 −2.739, 3.553 0.800
HDL cholesterol, mg/dL −0.014 0.081 −0.172, 0.144 0.861
Body mass index, kg/m2 0.470 0.126 0.223, 0.718 <0.001
Functional capacity, ma −0.001 0.003 −0.006, 0.004 0.729
Smoking1 3.328 4.748 −5.977, 12.633 0.483
Diet adherenceb −1.506 0.902 −3.274, 0.261 0.095
Medication adherenceb 2.793 2.434 −1.978, 7.564 0.251
Education, in years −0.730 0.248 −1.216, −0.243 0.003
Income −1.580 0.489 −2.538, −0.621 0.001
Race2 −2.300 2.237 −6.683, 2.087 0.304
Marital status −0.549 1.815 −4.107, 3.009 0.762
Diastolic BP, mmHg Employment −0.454 0.898 −2.214, 1.307 0.613
HDL cholesterol, mg/dL 0.039 0.044 −0.049, 0.126 0.386
Body mass index, kg/m2 0.145 0.072 0.004, 0.285 0.043
Functional capacity, ma 0.0004 0.002 −0.003, 0.003 0.814
Smoking1 0.798 2.620 −4.338, 5.933 0.761
Diet adherenceb −1.549 0.501 −2.531, −0.568 0.002
Medication adherencea 0.289 1.342 −2.341, 2.920 0.829
Education, in years −0.055 0.140 −0.329, 0.220 0.983
Income 0.126 0.277 −0.416, 0.669 0.696
Race2 0.929 1.251 −1.523, 3.382 0.458
Marital status 0.372 1.009 −1.606, 2.350 0.712

Note: Using mixed effects models, we controlled/adjusted for study duration (time), age, sex, and intervention group. Each covariate was fit and tested individually for a relationship with blood pressure. Time was modeled as a fixed and random effect. For example, when we study the association between Systolic BP and BMI, we have the following linear mixed model: Systolic BP = β0 + β1 BMI + β2 Time + β3 Age + β4 Sex + β5 Group + b0 + b1 Time + Errors, where βs are the regression coefficients of the fixed effects. The b0 and b1 represent the random intercept and slope of the model. We presented only the coefficient of the covariate of interest, and omitted the coefficients of controlled variables in this Table 4.

1

Reference was nonsmoker.

2

Reference was White.

Abbreviations: BP, blood pressure; HDL, high-density lipoprotein.

a

Using the 6-mintue walk test.

b

The Health Behavior Scale (HBS) mean subscale scores for both diet and medication adherence range from 1 to 5; higher scores indicate better adherence.