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. 2021 Apr 12;11:592107. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2021.592107

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Copyright © 2021 Han, Yang, Wang, Zeng and Tian.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The presumptive outline of m⁵C RNA modification in HNSCC. Methyltransferases of the NSUN family and DNMT family are the main m⁵C “writers.” Among them, NSUN5 is predicted to methylate KRT83, KRT79, and BPIFA1; whereas DNMT1 and DNMT3A target PRR27, NPS, and STATH. TET2 and TET3 serve as m⁵C “erasers,” which regulate RNA m⁵C dynamics together with “writers” in the nucleus. m⁵C readers bind m⁵C-modified RNA and modulate the processes of mRNA translation, alternative splicing, and RNA decay. Specifically, ALYREF functions in the nucleus and regulates mRNA export, while YBX1 maintains mRNA stability in the cytoplasm.