Table 2.
Treatments and outcomes of all confirmed COVID-19 patients, and compared between those with and without pneumonia
| Treatments / Outcomes | All patients | Patients with pneumonia | Patients without Pneumonia | p-value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 107) | (n = 27) | (n = 80) | ||
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
| Treatments | ||||
| Receiving 2-drug antiviral therapya | 78 (75.0%) | 3 (11.1%) | 75 (93.8%) | < 0.001 |
| Receiving 3-drug antiviral therapyb | 26 (25.0%) | 24 (88.9%) | 2 (2.5%) | < 0.001 |
| No antiviral treatment | 3 (2.8%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (3.8%) | 0.307 |
| Any antibiotic treatmentc | 13 (12.1%) | 11 (40.7%) | 2 (2.5%) | < 0.001 |
| Empiric antibiotic therapy | 10 (9.3%) | 9 (33.3%0 | 1 (1.3%) | < 0.001 |
| Azithromycin treatment | 8 (7.5%) | 4 (14.8%) | 4 (5.0%) | 0.094 |
| Outcomes of hospitalization | ||||
| Diarrhea after hospitalization | 32 (29.9%) | 7 (25.9%) | 25 (31.3%) | 0.601 |
| Nausea after hospitalization | 24 (22.4%) | 5 (18.5%) | 19 (23.8%) | 0.573 |
| ICU stay | 13 (12.1%) | 13 (48.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | < 0.001 |
| Median (range) duration of ICU stay, d | 9 (4–38) | 9 (4–38) | N/A | NA |
| Receiving oxygen support | 23 (21.5%) | 21 (77.8%) | 2 (2.5%) | < 0.001 |
| Oxygen cannula | 10 (9.3%) | 8 (29.6%) | 2 (2.5%) | < 0.001 |
| High-flow oxygen cannula | 6 (5.6%) | 6 (22.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | < 0.001 |
| Non-invasive mechanical ventilation | 2 (1.9%) | 2 (7.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.010 |
| Invasive mechanical ventilation | 5 (4.7%) | 5 (18.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | < 0.001 |
| Median duration of ET, d | 11 (5–17) | 11 (5–17) | N/A | N/A |
| Median (range) length of stay, d | 11 (2–38) | 14 (6–38) | 10.5 (2–35) | < 0.001 |
| Clinical outcome | ||||
| Discharged alive | 107 (100%) | 27 (100%) | 80 (100%) | NA |
A p-value < 0.05 indicates statistical significance
*Comparison between patients with and without COVID-19 pneumonia
a2-drug antiviral therapy: lopinavir/ritonavir or darunavir/ritonavir plus chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine
b3-drug antiviral therapy: lopinavir/ritonavir or darunavir/ritonavir plus chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine plus favipiravir
cSome patients received more than 1 course of antibiotic treatment
Abbreviations: ICU intensive care unit; ET endotracheal tube; NA not applicable