FIGURE 2.

The protective effects of HRF and its active ingredient on the photodamaged skin via the alteration of MMP-1 and collagen levels. NHDFs were treated with compounds as previously described and harvested at 24 h following UVA (8 J/cm²) exposure for the western blot analysis of the MMP-1 protein expression with the indicated molecular weight (57 kDa), MMP-1 enzyme activity by zymography, mRNA levels of MMP-1 and western blot analysis of collagen type 1 (% of control). The representative blot pictures of (A) and summary graph analysis of MMP-1 protein expression (B). The collagen zymography (C) and summary graph analysis of MMP-1 enzyme activity (D) and the mRNA levels of MMP-1 (E). The collagen type I with the indicated molecular weight (120 kDa) (F) and summary graph analysis (G) in each compound treatment as compared to ethanol treatment. **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001 vs. non-irradiated sham group by Student’s t-test. #p < 0.05; ##p < 0.01; ###p < 0.001 vs. the sham-irradiated group by one-way ANOVA Dunnett's test.