Table 5.

Dumpsites and open burning—methodology characterizing each research.

Study Location	Study Design	Study Participants	Study Period	Exposure Source	Outcomes Investigated	Ref.
Swaziland	Cross-sectional study	78 residents in an area very close to a dumpsite and 39 people closer (<200 m) and 39 further away (>200 m) from the dumpsite	The authors did not specify the period of the questionnaires	A dumpsite in Manzini city	To determine the health effects of a dumpsite on the surrounding human settlement through self-administered questionnaires	[20]
Nigeria	Cross-sectional study	100 household residents within 250 m radius of a dumpsite and 100 household residents between 250–500 metres from the same dumpsite	Data collected from 23 October 2015 to 5 November 2015	A dumpsite in Lagos	To determine the health effects of a dumpsite on the surrounding human population through self-administered questionnaires	[61]
Brazil	Cohort study (retrospective)	People living within 2 km from the 15 landfills in the municipality of São Paulo	Between 1998 and 2002.	The 15 solid waste landfill sites within the municipality of São Paulo (all, except one, were controlled dumpsite with no waterproof layer at the bottom)	To evaluate the association between living close to a controlled dumpsite and occurrences of deaths for cancer or congenital malformations	[59]
Alaska	Cohort study (retrospective)	10,073 infants born in 197 villages close to dumpsites (ranked in high, intermediate, and low hazard)	Infants born between 1997 and 2001	197 dumpsites	To evaluate adverse birth outcomes (low and very low birth weight, preterm birth, and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)) in infants born close to dumpsites	[58]
Alaska	Cohort study (retrospective)	10,360 infants born in 197 villages close to dumpsites (ranked in higher and lower hazard)	Infants born between 1997 and 2001	197 dumpsites	To evaluate the rates of adverse pregnancy outcomes as foetal death, neonatal death, congenital anomalies, close to dumpsites	[60]
Sierra Leone	Cross-sectional study	398 residents nearby (<50 m) and 233 residents further away (>50 m) a dumpsite	The authors did not specify the period of the questionnaires	A dumpsites in Freetown	To determine the health effects of a dumpsite on the surrounding human population through self-administered questionnaires	[62]
Ghana	Cross-sectional study	150 residents in a community nearby dumpsites, comparing three distances between people and disposal sites: (a) less than 5 min, (b) 5–10 min, (c) 11–15 min a	The authors did not specify the period of the questionnaires	A dumpsite in the Ashanti Region	To determine the health effects of dumpsites on the surrounding human population through self-administered questionnaires	[63]

^a The authors did not write how many of the people interviewed lived in zone (a), (b), (c).