Table 1.
Isolated secondary metabolites of A. paniculata and their antimicrobial activity.
| No. | Name | Sources | Extraction Solvent |
Analytical Technique |
Antimicrobial Potentiality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ent-Labdane diterpenoids | |||||
| 1 | Andrographolide | AeP, L, R, WP | AW, E, H, M | HPLC, HPLC-MS, MECC, FIS, UPLC, HPLC-DAD | Antibacterial [139,170,171,172,173], anti-biofilm [88,139], anti-CHIKV [91], Anti-HIV [177,178,179], anti-influenza [99,180], anti-HSV-1 [83,99,181], anti-DVS-1 [92,93,94,182], anti-EBV [97], anti-HPV-16 [96], anti-HBV [186], anti-HCV [194], antimalarial [95,184,185], anti-Leishmaniasis [98], pestivirus and flavivirus [90] |
| 2 | Neoandrographolide | AeP, L, R, WP | AW, E, M | TLC | Anti-HSV-1 [99], antimalarial [184] |
| 3 | Isoandrographolide | AeP, L, R, WP | AW, E, M | HPLC, TLC | Antibacterial [109,174,175], anti-fungal [183] |
| 4 | 14-deoxyandrographolide | AeP, L, WP | AW, E, H, M | HPLC, TLC | Antibacterial [174,175], anti-fungal [183], antimalarial [109,184] |
| 5 | 14-deoxy-11, 12-didehydroxiandrographolide | AeP, L, WP | E, H, M, DCM | HPLC, TLC | Antibacterial [109], anti-biofilm [88], Antifungal [109,183], anti-HIV [177], Anti-HSV [99] |
| 6 | 14-deoxy—11-oxo- andrographolide |
AeP, L | AW, M | SGC | Anti-Leishmaniasis [89,167] |
| 7 | 3-O-β-D-glucosyl-14-deoxy- andrographolide |
AeP, WP | E, M | HPLC, TLC | Antibacterial [174,175], anti-fungal [183] |
| 8 | 14-Deoxy-12-hydroxy- andrographolide |
AeP | AW, M | HPLC, TLC | Antibacterial [109], anti-fungal [109] |
| 9 | 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl- 14,19-dideoxyandrographolide | AeP | AW, M | HPLC, TLC | Antibacterial [109], anti-fungal [109] |
| 10 | 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl- andrographolide |
AeP | AW, M | HPLC, TLC | Antibacterial [109], anti-fungal [109] |
| 11 | 8,17-Epoxy-14-deoxy-andrographolide | AeP | AW, M | HPLC, TLC | Antibacterial [109], anti-fungal [109] |
| 12 | 14-Deoxy-17-β-hydroxy- andrographolide |
AeP | AW, M | HPLC, TLC | Antibacterial [109], anti-fungal [109] |
| 13 | 19-O-[β-D-apiofuranosyl-β-D-glucopyranoyl]-3,14-dideoxy- andrographolide |
AeP | AW, M | HPLC, TLC | Antibacterial [109], anti-fungal [109] |
| 14 | Echiodinin | Callus | AW, M | TLC | Antibacterial [80] |
| 15 | Andrograpanin | AeP, L | E, H | HPLC, TLC, SGC | Antibacterial [109], anti-fungal [109], Antibiofilm [168,176] |
| 16 | Andrographiside | WP | n-butanol | TLC | Antimalarial [184] |
| Xanthones | |||||
| 17 | 1,2-Dihydroxy-6,8-dimethoxyxanthone | R | CF, M, PE, W | TLC | Antimalarial [190,191] |
| 18 | 1,8-Dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyxanthone | R | CF, M, PE, W | TLC | Antimalarial [190,191] |
| 19 | 3,7,8-Trimethoxy-1-hydroxyxanthone | R | CF, M, PE, W | TLC | Antimalarial [190,191] |
| 20 | 4,8-Dihydroxy-2,7-dimethoxyxanthone | R | CF, M, PE, W | TLC | Antimalarial [190,191] |
AeP: Aerial part, AW: Acetone-water, CF: Chloroform, CHIKV: Chikungunya Virus, DCM: Dichloromethane, E: Ethanol, H: Hexane, L: Leaves, M: Methanol. PE: Petroleum ether, R: Root, W: Water, WP: Whole plant, HSV: Herpes Simplex Virus, DVS: Dengue Virus Serotype, EBV: Epstein Barr virus, HPV: Human Papilloma Virus, MECC: micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography, FIS: flow injection spectrophotometry, TLC: Thin Layer Chromatography, HPLC: High-performance Liquid Chromatography, HPLC-DAD: HPLC with a diode-array detector, HPLC-MS: HPLC-Mass Spectrometry, UPLC: Ultra-performance Liquid Chromatography, SCG: Silica Gel Chromatography.