Fig. 2. Guiding signs and symptoms of suspected organ-specific immune-related diseases in patients with COVID-19.

The list of clinical symptoms is long, including important features such as dyspnoea (suggestive of interstitial lung disease (ILD) or organizing pneumonia), chest pain (myocarditis, pleuritis and pericarditis), severe acute upper abdominal pain with nausea and vomiting (acute pancreatitis) and neurological features such as confusion, seizures (encephalitis) or weakness with bladder dysfunction (myelitis and Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS)). Examination is crucial when organ-specific immune-related disease is suspected in patients with COVID-19, paying special attention to eye redness (conjunctivitis and uveitis), jaundice (haemolytic anaemia), cutaneous lesions such as petechiae (immune thrombocytopenia (ITP)) or painful red inflammation on the hands or feet (chilblains), and glandular enlargement in the neck (thyroiditis). Simple laboratory tests such as haemography, biochemical analyses (measuring troponin, pancreatic enzymes, parameters of haemolysis, creatine kinase, haematuria and proteinuria) and determination of thyroid hormone levels could have an important role in diagnosis.