Table 2.
Bivariate associations between neighborhood deprivation index (NDI) and trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) levels with sociodemographics, CVD risk factors, and inflammatory markers (n = 60).
| NDI | TMAO | |
|---|---|---|
| β (p-Value) | β (p-Value) | |
| Sex | 0.06 (0.62) | 0.09 (0.48) |
| Age | 0.06 (0.67) | −0.14 (0.301) |
| Household yearly income (USD/10k) ^ | 0.09 (0.55) | −0.173 (0.25) |
| History of type 2 diabetes | −0.04 (0.73) | 0.35 (0.006) |
| History of hyperlipidemia | −0.09 (0.47) | −0.00 (0.98) |
| History of hypertension | 0.16 (0.21) | 0.17 (0.18) |
| Smoking history | −0.07 (0.57) | 0.13 (0.340) |
| BMI | 0.13 (0.33) | 0.10 (0.44) |
| LDL | 0.03 (0.84) | −0.16 (0.21) |
| HDL | 0.22 (0.09) | 0.03 (0.81) |
| TG | −0.25 (0.06) | −0.18 (0.18) |
| TC | 0.12 (0.37) | −0.16 (0.22) |
| TMAO | 0.33 (0.01) | - |
| Fasting insulin | 0.00 (0.98) | −0.19 (0.147) |
| Fasting glucose | −0.02 (0.91) | −0.01 (0.948) |
| ASCVD 10 y risk score | 0.07 (0.60) | 0.13 (0.33) |
| HOMA-IR | 0.01 (0.94) | −0.19 (0.159) |
| hsCRP ^^ | 0.04 (0.77) | 0.03 (0.812) |
| IL-1β ^^ | 0.49 (<0.001) | 0.35 (0.006) |
| IL-6 | 0.17 (0.19) | −0.02 (0.87) |
| IL-8 | 0.05 (0.72) | 0.43 (0.001) |
| TNF-α | 0.49 (<0.001) | 0.44 (<0.001) |
Bold indicates p-value < 0.05. ^ Some individuals decided not to disclose this information in the presented socioeconomic survey (n = 46). ^^ hs-CRP was undetectable in one individual (n = 59). ASCVD risk score includes sex, age, race, total cholesterol, HDL-C, systolic blood pressure, personal history of diabetes, personal history of smoking, personal history of treatment for hypertension. LDL: low-density lipid cholesterol; HDL: high-density lipid cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; TC: total cholesterol; ASCVD: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; IL: interleukin; TNF: tumor necrosis factor.