Table 4.

Odds ratio of osteoporosis according to grip strength and muscle mass.

Variables	Group	Model 1		Model 2
		OR (95%CI)	p	OR (95%CI)	p
Grip strength	Q1	1	-	1	-
	Q2	1.011 (0.777–3.631)	0.254	1.869 (1.091–4.402)	0.421
	Q3	1.716 (1.199–4.337)	0.322	1.240 (1.372–4.546)	0.011 *
	Q4	2.265 (1.851–5.742)	<0.001 *	2.512 (1.569–5.644)	<0.001 *
Muscle mass	Q1	1	-	1
	Q2	1.024 (0.431–2.436)	0.557	1.740 (1.019–4.172)	0.043 *
	Q3	1.805 (1.359–5.780)	0.002 *	1.278 (1.058–4.820)	0.026 *
	Q4	2.073 (1.123–6.358)	0.026 *	2.875 (1.803–6.854)	<0.001 *
Grip strength	≥18 kg	1	-	1	-
	<18 kg	1.259 (1.010–3.505)	0.008 *	1.334 (1.007–2.886)	0.032 *
Muscle mass	≥5.7 kg/m2	1	-	1	-
	<5.7 kg/m2	2.097 (1.035–5.895)	0.040 *	2.268 (1.532–8.357)	<0.001 *
Sarcopenia	Non-sarcopenia	1	-	1	-
	Pre-sarcopenia	2.600 (1.058–5.045)	0.012 *	2.812 (1.155–6.845)	0.005 *
	Sarcopenia	2.508 (1.145–5.845)	<0.001 *	3.137 (1.799–7.036)	<0.001 *

* p < 0.05; OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval. Model 1 = adjustment variables: age and body weight. Model 2 = adjustment variables: age, body weight, alcohol frequency, and strength exercise.