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. 2021 Apr 18;13(8):1949. doi: 10.3390/cancers13081949

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Potential biomarkers of ICI response and the future platform of translational research. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients undergo immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatment. The patients will be divided in responders and non-responders according to clinical response. Single-cell RNA-seq of patient’s tumor samples will identify responder-unique immune cells. Spatial transcriptomics will define immune-cancer crosstalk. HCC-immune assembloids will provide experimental platforms to determine novel biomarkers such as CRISPR-based genetic screening. The high expression of inflammatory genes is proposed as potential biomarkers in HCC, renal cell carcinoma (RCC), and melanoma.