Table 4.
Characteristics of the included patients.
| First Author (Country) |
Device | n | Ward | Age | M:F Ratio | SOFA Score | APACHE II Score | SAPS II Score | SAPS III Score | DIC Score | SIC Score | BMI (18.5–24.9 kg/m2) |
Comorbidities | CRP (mg/L) (<5 mg/L) * |
Fibrinogen (mg/dL) (200–400 mg/dL) * |
D-Dimers (µg/L) | Platelets (103/µL) (150–450 × 103/µL) * |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iwasaki et al. (Japan) [26] |
ROTEM (NS) | 1 | ICU | 57 | F | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | 391 | 334 | 1500 | 203 |
| Pavoni et al. (Italy) [27] |
ROTEM gamma | 40 | ICU | 61 ± 13 | 24 M: 16 F | 4 ± 1 | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | 28.4 ± 4.7 | Yes 5 | NP | 896 ± 110 | 1556 ± 1090 | 318 ± 168 |
| Boscolo et al. (Italy) [28] |
ROTEM delta | 32 | ICU | 68 (62–75) | 26 M: 6 F | 3 (3–6) | NP | NP | NP | 1 (0–2) | 2 (2–2) | 29 (27–32) | NP | 110 (55–167) | 500 (450–570) | 315 (164–1326) | 283 (194–336) |
| 32 | IMW | 61 (53–71) | 24 M: 8 F | 2 (1–2) | NP | NP | NP | 0 (0–1.8) | 2 (1–2) | 29 (24–32) | 46 (16–96) | 450 (330–530) | 263 (193–598) | 234 (197–290) | |||
| Corrêa et al. (Brazil) [29] |
ROTEM delta | 30 | ICU | 61 (52–83) | 15 M: 15 F | 10 (7–12) | NP | NP | 49 (41–61) | / | / | 29.3 (24.4–32.2) | Yes 10 | NP | 600 (480–680) | 1287 (798–2202) | 226 (176–261) |
| Madathil et al. (USA) [30] |
ROTEM delta | 11 | ICU | 53 (45.5–65.5) | 7 M: 4 F | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | 28.1 (27.1–34.6) | Yes 11 | NP | NP | NP | NP |
| Spiezia et al. (Italy) [31] |
ROTEM delta | 22 | ICU | 67 ± 8 | 20 M: 2 F | 4 ± 2 | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | 30 ± 6 | Yes 4 | NP | 517 ± 148 | 5343 ± 2099 | 240 ± 119 |
| Tsantes et al. (Greece) [32] |
ROTEM delta | 11 | ICU COVID patients | 78 (67–71) | 10 M: 1 F | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | 48 (23–128) | 439 (313–440) | 2420 (1470–7320) | 262 (120–350) |
| 9 | ICU non COVID patients | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | |||
| 21 | IMW COVID patients | 73 (50–88) | 11 M: 10 F | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | 32 (9–55) | 437 (399–503) | 860 (540–1210) | 253 (207–396) | |||
| Al-Ghafry et al. (USA) [33] |
ROTEM delta | 8 | PICU (n = 5) and PW (n = 3) | 12.9 (2–20) | 4 M: 4 F | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | 21.9 (13.3–31.9) | NP | 86 (4–130) | 540 (329–732) | 932 (151–2451) | 258 (104–446) |
| Creel-Bulos et al. (USA) [34] |
ROTEM delta | 25 | ICU | 63 (53–77) | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | 276 (229–326) | NP | 7287 (4939–23,912) | NP |
| Hoechter et al. (Germany) [35] |
ROTEM delta | 22 | ICU COVID+ (ROTEM n = 11) | 64 (52–70) | 19 M: 3 F | 11.5 (10.3–12) | NP | NP | NP | 1 (1–1) | NP | 27 (24–31) | Yes 4 | 156 (103–188) | 709 (530–786) | 2400 (2000–3900) | 227 (175–324) |
| 14 | ICU COVID- | 49 (36–57) | 9 M: 5 F | 15 (13.3–15) | NP | NP | NP | 3 (1–4) | NP | 26 (22–32) | NP | 274 (160–328) | 598 (502–645) | 11,300 (4100–31,000) | 175 (113–347) | ||
| Roh et al. (USA) [36] |
ROTEM delta | 30 | ICU | 63 ± 12 | 15 M: 15 F | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | 33 ± 8.1 | Yes 1 | NP | NP | 11,400 ± 7300 | 255 ± 103 |
| Kong et al. (United Kingdom) [37] |
ROTEM delta | 1 | ICU | 48 | F | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | 28.3 | Yes 1 | 196 | 840 | 510 | 307 |
| 1 | ICU | 68 | M | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | 27.1 | Yes 4 | 336 | 680 | >20,000 | 126 | ||
| Raval et al. (USA) [38] |
ROTEM delta | 1 | ICU | 63 | M | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | 2143 | NP |
| Nougier et al. (France) [39] |
Modified ROTEM delta (TEM-tPA) | 40 | ICU (ROTEM n = 19) | 62.8 ± 13.1 | NP | 5.4 ± 3.1 | NP | 37.9 ± 13 | NP | NP | NP | 29 ± 5.5 | NP | NP | 610 ± 190 | 3456 ± 2641 | NP |
| 38 | IMW (ROTEM n = 4) | 60.2 ± 14.6 | NP | / | / | / | / | / | / | 26.2 ± 4.8 | NP | 560 ± 170 | 874 ± 539 | NP | |||
| Weiss et al. (France) [40] |
Modified ROTEM delta (TEM-tPA) | 5 | ICU | 57 ± 15 | 5 M: 0 F | 9 ± 2 | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | 740 ± 240 | 1975 ± 1623 | 440 ± 270 |
| Almskog et al. (Sweden) [41] |
ROTEM sigma | 20 | ICU | 62 (55–66) | 12 M: 8 F | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | 28 (25–32) | Yes 5 | NP | 680 (480–760) | 1500 (700–4000) | 252 (206–341) |
| 40 | IMW | 61 (51–74) | 28 M: 12 F | / | / | / | / | / | / | 26 (24–32) | NP | 540 (430–650) | 600 (500–1000) | 212 (175–259) | |||
| Collett et al. (Australia) [42] |
ROTEM sigma | 6 | ICU | 69 (64.2–73) | 5 M: 1 F | 7.5 (6.25–11.75) | 75.5 (65.75–105.5) | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | 750 (721–808) | 6100 (2585–9660) | 291 (213–338) |
| Ibañez et al. (Spain) [43] |
ROTEM sigma | 19 | ICU | 61 (55–73) | 10 M: 9 F | 4 (2–6) | NP | NP | NP | 1 (0–3) | 1.8 (0.9) | 28 (27–32) | Yes 10 | NP | 620 (480–760) | 1000 (600–4200) | 236 (136–364) |
| Kruse et al. (Germany) [44] |
ROTEM sigma | 40 | ICU | 67 (57.3–76.6) | 35 M: 5 F | 9 (6.3–11.8) | 28 (22–33) | NP | NP | NP | 3 (2–4) | 28.1 (24.8–32.8) | Yes 10 | 124 (84–217) | 667 (470–770) | 3950 (2600–5900) | 194 (131–316) |
| Pavoni et al. (Italy) [45] |
ROTEM sigma | 20 | ICU COVID-19 pneumonia | 60.3 ± 15.2 | 11 M: 9 F | 4.4 ± 0.8 | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | 28.4 ± 4.7 | Yes 4 | NP | 698 ± 8 | 1364 ± 965 | 289 ± 155 |
| 25 | ICU non COVID-19 pneumonia | 66.5 ± 18.8 | 10 M: 15 F | 2.8 ± 1.1 | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | 25.2 ± 2.3 | NP | 349 ± 81 | 1476 ± 770 | 183 ± 70 | |||
| Spiezia et al. (Italy) [46] |
ROTEM sigma | 56 | IMW COVID-19 pneumonia | 64 ± 15 | 37 M: 19 F | 2 ± 1 | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | 30 ± 4 | Yes 4 | 60 ± 56 | 451 ± 168 | 1079 ± 666 | 277 ± 131 |
| 56 | IMW non COVID-19 pneumonia | 76 ± 11 | 35 M: 21 F | 3 ± 1 | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | 27 ± 6 | 114 ± 77 | 488 ± 198 | 1296 ± 8 | 274 ± 89 | |||
| Van der Linden et al. (Sweden) [47] |
ROTEM sigma | 12 | ICU before enhanced anticoagulation | 54 ± 9 | 12 M: 0 F | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | 30.3 ± 5.6 | Yes 1 | 258 (135–348) | 870 ± 200 | 6900 (5700–10,000) | 393 ± 151 |
| 14 | ICU after enhanced anticoagulation | 59 ± 8 | 14 M: 0 F | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | 28.2 ± 4.2 | 57 (37–137) | 630 ± 250 | 3900 (2200–6800) | 320 ± 93 | |||
| Blasi et al. (Spain) [48] |
ROTEM sigma | 12 | ICU | 69 (57–76) | 6 M: 6 F | 5.5 (3.3–7.8) | 15.5 (12–17.8) | NP | NP | NP | NP | 32 (27–35) | Yes 1 | 0.77 (0.42–2.59) | 393 (300–488) | 2535 (860–7848) | 196 (127–293) |
| 11 | IMW | 58 (42–74) | 8 M: 3 F | / | / | / | / | / | / | 29 (27–31) | 3.28 (2.33–8.96) | 502 (172–552) | 565 (425–2188) | 167 (154–239) | |||
| Van Veenendaal et al. (The Netherlands) [49] |
ROTEM sigma | 47 | ICU | 63 (29–79) | 38 M: 9 F | / | / | 42 (17–70) | / | / | / | 28.8 (24.4–48.4) | Yes 4 | NP | 720 ± 160 | NP | 404 ± 154 |
| Lazar et al. (USA) [50] |
ROTEM sigma | 1 | IMW | NP | NP | / | / | / | / | / | / | NP | NP | NP | 653 | 760 | NP |
| 1 | IMW | NP | NP | / | / | / | / | / | / | NP | NP | NP | 820 | 1330 | NP | ||
| Wright et al. (USA) [51] |
TEG (NS) | 44 | ICU | 54 (42–59) | 28 M: 16 F | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | 30 (27–37) | Yes 5 | NP | 656 (560–779) | 1840 (935–4085) | 232 (186–298) |
| Panigada et al. (Italy) [52] |
TEG5000 | 24 | ICU | 56 (23–71) | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | 161 (39–342) | 680 (234–1344) | 4877 (1197–16,954) | 348 (59–577) |
| Cordier et al. France) [53] |
TEG5000 | 24 | ICU | 69 (61–71) | 16 M: 8 F | NP | NP | 45 (33–53) | NP | 3 (2–3) | NP | 28.5 (25.7–31) | NP | 128 (101–249) | 680 (620–790) | 3600 (1960–6490) | 220 (173–294) |
| Hightower et al. (USA) [54] |
TEG5000 | 5 | ICU | 59 (38–69.5) | 3 M: 2 F | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | 34.4 ± 3.9 | Yes 6 | NP | 658 ± 93 | 10,672 ± 7907 | 243 ± 35 |
| Maatman et al. (USA) [55] |
TEG5000 | 109 | ICU (TEG n = 12) | 61 ± 16 | 62 M: 47 F | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | 34.8 ± 11.8 | Yes 5 | 146 (101–227) | 535 (435–651) | 506 (321–973) | 207 (152–255) |
| Mortus et al. (USA) [56] |
TEG5000 | 21 | ICU | 68 ± 11 | 12 M: 9 F | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | Yes (NS) | NP | 740 ± 240 | 8300 ± 7000 | 210 ± 100 |
| Sadd et al. (USA) [57] |
TEG5000 | 10 | ICU | 58 (49–70) | 8 M: 2 F | 4 (3–5) | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | 35 (30–39) | Yes 3 | 20 (13–25) | 676 (543–769) | 3150 (1000–6620) | 291 (224–408) |
| Yuriditsky et al. (USA) [58] |
TEG5000 | 64 | ICU | 64 (57–71) | 46 M: 18 F | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | Yes 7 | 104 (35–158) | 669 (451–838) | 2374 (923–4820) | 244 (176–321) |
| Bocci et al. (Italy) [59] |
TEG6s | 40 | ICU | 67.5 (55–77) | 29M: 11F | 5 ± 2.9 | NP | NP | NP | 2.9 ± 0.6 | NP | NP | Yes 8 | 160 (75–193) | 513 (304–605) | 1753 (699–4435) | 194 (163–281) |
| Stattin et al. (Sweden) [60] |
TEG6s | 31 | ICU | 65 (51–70) | 25 M: 6 F | NP | NP | NP | 53 (48–60) | NP | NP | 30 (27–33) | Yes 5 | 214 (152–294) | NP | 2100 (900–3200) | 227 (163–248) |
| Vlot et al. (The Netherlands) [61] |
TEG6s | 16 | ICU | 67 (56–73) | 12 M: 4 F | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | Yes 6 | NP | 620 (590–690) | 4425 (1870–5781) | 347 (302–462) |
| Patel et al. (United Kingdom) [62] |
TEG6s | 39 | ICU | 52.5 (29–79) | 32 M: 7 F | 8 ± 2.5 | 18.7 ± 5 | NP | NP | NP | NP | 31.3 ± 6.1 | Yes 5 | 305 ± 101 | 660 ± 190 | 6440 ± 10,434 | 272 ± 77 |
| Salem et al. (United Arab Emirates) [63] |
TEG6s | 52 | ICU | 53 (39–62) | 51 M: 1 F | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | 25.8 (23–29.5) | Yes 9 | 50 (9–117) | 400 (270–600) | 4000 (3300–4000) | 228 (137–292) |
| Shah et al. (United Kingdom) [64] |
TEG6s | 187 | ICU (TEG n = 20) | 57 (49–64) | 124 M: 63 F | NP | 13 (10–13) | NP | NP | NP | NP | 28 (25–32) | Yes 10 | 202 (128–294) | 700 (600–1000) | 2587 (950–10,000) | 241 (186–318) |
| Fan et al. (Singapore) [65] |
TEG6s | 1 | IMW | 39 | M | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | 136 | 770 | 2,55 | NP |
| Masi et al. (France) [66] |
Quantra | 17 | ICU COVID+ | 48 (42–58) | 12 M: 5 F | 12 (9–17) | NP | 52 (43–63) | NP | 0 (0) | NP | 31 (28.8–40.5) | Yes 3 | 136 (92–315) | 710 (490–790) | 8390 (5330–11,180) | 231 (160–245) |
| 11 | ICU COVID- | 34 (28–55) | 7 M: 4 F | 9 (7–17) | NP | 57 (37–81) | NP | 4 (36) | NP | 29.3 (26–35) | NP | 320 (159–367) | 810 (640–945) | 4640 (3200–20,000) | 262 (224–334) | ||
| Ranucci et al. (Italy) [67] |
Quantra | 16 | ICU | 61 (55–65) | 15 M: 1 F | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | 26.4 (23.9–35.1) | Yes 4 | NP | 794 (583–933) | 3500 (2500–6500) | 271 (192–302) |
| Bachler et al. (Austria) [24] |
ClotPro | 20 | ICU | 61.5 (56.25–68) | 14 M: 6 F | 6.5 (3–8.25) | NP | NP | 56 (53–64) | NP | NP | 28.8 (24.3–31) | Yes 1 | 187.1 (116.4–275.7) | 600 (553–677.25) | 1554 (1227–9088) | 230 (202.5–297.25) |
| Zátroch et al. (Hungary) [68] |
ClotPro | 1 | ICU | 62 | M | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | Yes 2 | 21 | NP | NP | NP |
| 1 | 80 | M | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | 176–221 | 448 | 7370 | NP | ||||
| 1 | 84 | F | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | 230–376 | 544 | 10,600 | NP |
Values in italics and in brackets are the reference values; we have indicated our reference ranges * for information purposes. Comorbidities: 1 Overweight and obesity, associated with high blood pressure, diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors; 2 High blood pressure, diabetes and some additional comorbidities; 3 Overweight and obesity, with some additional comorbidities; 4 Overweight and obesity; 5 Overweight and obesity, associated with high blood pressure, diabetes, pulmonary disease and cardiovascular risk factors; 6 Overweight and obesity, associated with high blood pressure; 7 Overweight and obesity, associated with cardiovascular risk factors, pulmonary disease and kidney disease; 8 Overweight and obesity, associated with diabetes, cardiovascular risk factors, pulmonary disease and kidney disease; 9 Overweight and obesity, associated with high blood pressure, diabetes, kidney disease and cardiovascular risk factors; 10 Overweight and obesity, associated with high blood pressure, diabetes, pulmonary disease, kidney disease and cardiovascular risk factors; 11 Overweight and obesity, associated with high blood pressure and diabetes. Abbreviations: ICU: Intensive care unit (adults); IMW: Internal medicine ward; PICU: Pediatric intensive care unit; PW: Pediatric ward; IMV: Invasive mechanical ventilation; ECMO: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; RRT: Renal replacement therapy; M: Male; F: Female; SOFA score: Sequential organ failure assessment score; APACHE score: Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation score; SAPS score: Simplified acute physiology score; DIC score: Disseminated intravascular coagulation score; SIC score: Sepsis-induced coagulopathy score; BMI: Body mass index; CRP: C-reactive protein; NP: Not provided; TEG: Thromboelastography; ROTEM: Rotational thromboelastometry; TEM: Thromboelastometry; tPA: tissue plasminogen activator.