Figure 2.

Schema outlining the cardiovascular and renal programming versus reprogramming strategy. Various early-life environmental insults can induce cardiovascular and renal programming, consequently leading to cardiovascular disease (CVD) and kidney disease in adulthood. Several common mechanisms have been proposed behind the pathogenesis of CVD and kidney disease of developmental origins, like oxidative stress, dysregulated nutrient-sensing signals, gut microbiota dysbiosis, and epigenetic regulation. Conversely, early resveratrol therapy can reverse or delay programmed processes to avoid the development of CVD and kidney disease via reprogramming.