Figure 5.

Anti-CD3 antibody treatment and microbiota alter the expression of cytokine and glucocorticoid-responsive genes. Gene expression of tumor necrosis factor α (Tnfα), interleukin 1β (IL1β), interleukin 6 (IL6) and cochaperone FK506 binding protein 5 (Fkbp5) was measured by quantitative PCR in the small intestine of specific pathogen-free (SPF) and germ-free (GF) mice 4 h after in vivo treatment with the anti-CD3 antibody or saline (SHAM). The data are expressed as means ± SEM. The ampersand sign indicates a significant difference (^&& p < 0.01, ^&&& p < 0.001) of microbiota*stress interaction effect. Where no interaction was observed, a main effect of stress has been marked by placing a dashed horizontal line with an asterisk (*** p < 0.001) above the bars for the stress-exposed groups.