Table 1.
Basic characteristics of the study population.
| Variables | Men (N = 4198) |
Women (N = 5908) |
p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic factor (N (%)) | |||
| Age (categorical) | <0.0001 | ||
| 19–34 | 809 (13.9) | 1057 (12.5) | |
| 35–49 | 1129 (15.3) | 1707 (14.6) | |
| 50–64 | 1129 (12.7) | 1649 (13.6) | |
| Over 65 | 1131 (7.8) | 1495 (9.6) | |
| Marital Status | <0.0001 | ||
| Married | 3339 (71.0) | 5122 (81.7) | |
| Single | 848 (29.0) | 769 (18.3) | |
| Income level | 0.8587 | ||
| Low | 1032 (25.0) | 1444 (24.8) | |
| Low intermediate | 1024 (24.3) | 1487 (24.8) | |
| High intermediate | 1057 (24.9) | 1473 (24.9) | |
| High | 1074 (25.8) | 1487 (25.5) | |
| Education level | <0.0001 | ||
| Below elementary school | 623 (9.5) | 1460 (19) | |
| Middle school | 421 (7.5) | 588 (8.9) | |
| High school | 1428 (36.9) | 1820 (34.8) | |
| Upper college | 1715 (46.2) | 2023 (37.4) | |
| Nutrient Intake (mean ± SD) | |||
| Food intake | 1834.9 ± 18.9 | 1391.6 ± 12.2 | <0.0001 |
| Energy | 2401.2 ± 20.3 | 1681.8 ± 11.9 | <0.0001 |
| Moisture | 1105.5 ± 13.2 | 916.3 ± 9.8 | <0.0001 |
| Protein | 87.3 ± 0.9 | 60.2 ± 0.5 | <0.0001 |
| Fat | 55.5 ± 0.8 | 38.4 ± 0.5 | <0.0001 |
| Saturated fatty acids | 18.0 ± 0.3 | 12.4 ± 0.2 | <0.0001 |
| Monounsaturated fatty acids | 18.1 ± 0.3 | 12.2 ± 0.2 | <0.0001 |
| Omega-3 fatty acid | 2.1 ± 0 | 1.6 ± 0 | <0.0001 |
| Omega-6 fatty acid | 11.9 ± 0.2 | 8.5 ± 0.1 | <0.0001 |
| Cholesterol | 299.1 ± 5.1 | 211.7 ± 3.2 | <0.0001 |
| Carbohydrates | 337.3 ± 2.6 | 263.0 ± 1.8 | <0.0001 |
| Dietary fiber | 27.0 ± 0.3 | 23.1 ± 0.2 | <0.0001 |
| Sugar | 67.1 ± 1 | 57.8 ± 0.7 | <0.0001 |
| Calcium | 582.3 ± 7.1 | 460.0 ± 5.2 | <0.0001 |
| Phosphorus | 1251.1 ± 10.9 | 922.8 ± 6.9 | <0.0001 |
| Iron | 13.9 ± 0.2 | 10.6 ± 0.1 | <0.0001 |
| Sodium | 4143.1 ± 44.7 | 2816.7 ± 29.4 | <0.0001 |
| Potassium | 3156.4 ± 29.0 | 2534.0 ± 20.4 | <0.0001 |
| Vitamin A | 675.7 ± 13.5 | 563.7 ± 15.8 | <0.0001 |
| Carotene | 2960.5 ± 53.5 | 2586.0 ± 90.5 | <0.0001 |
| Vitamin B1 | 1.6 ± 0.0 | 1.1 ± 0.0 | <0.0001 |
| Vitamin B2 | 1.9 ± 0.0 | 1.4 ± 0.0 | <0.0001 |
| Vitamin B3 | 16.0 ± 0.2 | 11.5 ± 0.1 | <0.0001 |
| Vitamin C | 64.8 ± 1.6 | 59.6 ± 1.2 | 0.0010 |
| Dietary Habits (N (%)) | |||
| Frequency of breakfast | 0.1658 | ||
| 5–7/week | 2796 (58.9) | 3883 (60.6) | |
| 3–4/week | 433 (12.4) | 639 (11.8) | |
| 1–2/week | 414 (12.2) | 645 (12.6) | |
| <1/week | 555 (16.4) | 741 (15) | |
| Frequency of lunch | <0.0001 | ||
| 5–7/week | 3862 (91.5) | 5207 (87.6) | |
| 3–4/week | 188 (5.1) | 462 (8.4) | |
| 1–2/week | 73 (1.8) | 130 (2.2) | |
| <1/week | 75 (1.6) | 109 (1.8) | |
| Frequency of dinner | <0.0001 | ||
| 5–7/week | 3962 (92.9) | 5216 (86.9) | |
| 3–4/week | 186 (5.7) | 537 (10.3) | |
| 1–2/week | 40 (1.2) | 126 (2.3) | |
| <1/week | 10 (0.2) | 29 (0.5) | |
| Frequency of eating out | <0.0001 | ||
| 2>/day | 492 (14.0) | 188 (3.8) | |
| 1/day | 1004 (27.5) | 710 (13.8) | |
| 5–6/week | 742 (19.8) | 803 (14.4) | |
| 3–4/week | 441 (10.8) | 730 (13.5) | |
| 1–2/week | 685 (14.5) | 1630 (27.2) | |
| 1/month | 589 (9.8) | 1275 (19.5) | |
| <1/month | 245 (3.7) | 572 (7.8) |