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. 2021 Apr 19;13(4):1370. doi: 10.3390/nu13041370

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Hepatic mitochondrial respiratory activity (A), protein content (with representative western blots) of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC1α) (B), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPARα) (C) in control (C), fructose (F), control rescue (CR), and fructose rescue (FR) rats. Mitochondrial respiration (panel A) was measured in the presence of complex I-linked substrates pyruvate + glutamate + malate (PGM), adenosyntriphosphate (ATP), complex II-linked substrate succinate (S), ATP synthase inhibitor oligomycin (O), uncoupler carbonylcyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl-hydrazone (FCCP) and inhibitor of complex I rotenone (R). Values are the means ± SEM of eight different rats. * p < 0.05 compared to respective control (one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey post-test).