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A schematic representation of insulin signaling and phytochemicals regulating its transmission. Phytochemicals stimulate insulin signaling by direct activation of insulin receptor (1), inhibition of PTP1B (2), inhibition of PP2A (3) and induction of Slc2A4 expression (4). On the other hand, certain phytochemicals might antagonize insulin signaling through the inhibition of GLUT4-mediated transport (5).
