Table 1.

Effect of fungal and bacterial endophytes against plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN) in different crops.

PPN Species	Crop	Endophytic Organism	Effect on PPN	References
Vegetable crops
Meloidogyne incognita	Tomato	Pantoe agglomerans (MK-29), Cedecea davisae (MK-30), Enterobacter intermedius (MK-42), Pseudomonas putida (MT-19), P. putida (MT-04), Pseudomonas fluorescens (MK-35)	Reduced the number of galls by 27–43% after soil drench application and reduced nematode infestation as a seed treatment	[46]
M. incognita	Tomato	F. oxysporum (strain 162)	Reduced nematode penetration by 36–56%	[35]
M. incognita	Tomato	Agrobacterium radiobacter, Bacillus pumilus, B. brevis, B. megaterium, B. mycoides, B. licheniformis, Chryseobacterium balustinum, Cedecea davisae, Cytophaga johnsonae, Lactobacillus paracasei, Micrococcus luteus, Micrcoccus halobius, Pseudomonas syringae and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.	Reduced the number of galls and egg masses by 33 and 39%	[47]
M. incognita	Bhendi	Pseudomonas spp. (EB3) Bacillus spp. (EB16, EB18), Methlobacterium spp. (EB19)	Reduced the number of adult females, egg masses, eggs per egg mass and lowered root gall index	[48]
M. incognita	Cucumber	Phyllosticta (Ph5110), Chaetomium (Ch1001), Acremonium (Ac985), Paecilomyces (Pa972)	Reduced the number of galls by 24–58% in the first screening and 15.6–44.3% in the repeated test. Chaetomium showed the highest potential for seed treatment against M. incognita	[49]
M. incognita	Tomato	Fusarium oxysporum (Fo162); Rhizobium etli (G12)	Reduced the number of eggs per female 35 days after nematode inoculation	[50]
M. incognita	Tomato	P. agglomerans (MK-29), C. davisae (MK-30), Enterobacter spp. (MK-42), P. putida (MT-19)	Reduced early root penetration of J2s into roots up to 56% when applied as a root dip and soil drench; Reduced the number of galls by seed treatment with endophytic bacteria followed by soil drench application	[51]
Meloidogyne spp.	Tomato	Gliocladium spp.	Significant decrease in damage intensity to 33% by inoculating conidial suspension at the rate of 106 mL−1	[52]
M. incognita	Tomato	Acremonium implicatum	96.0% of J2s were killed by a culture filtrate after 48 h; Formation of root galls was inhibited in potted plants and root gall index was reduced in the field	[53]
M. incognita	Tomato	F. oxysporum; F. solani; Trichoderma asperellum	Reduced nematode penetration; T. asperellum and F. oxysporum isolates reduced nematode egg densities by 35–46%	[36]
M. incognita	Tomato	Bacillus cereus (BCM2)	Reduced gall and egg mass indexes	[54]
M. incognita	Tomato	Bacillus sp. (EB16, EB18) Methylobacterium sp. (EB19) Pseudomonas sp. (EB3)	Reduced the number of adult females, egg masses, eggs per eggmass, soil and root population of M. incognita	[55]
Fruit crops
Radopholus similis	Banana	Fusarium	Reduced the number of J2s per gram root by >80%	[56]
R. similis	Banana	F. oxysporum	Reduced nematode population density on tissue culture plantlets by 49–79%	[37]
R. similis	Banana	Fusarium spp. (V5w2)	Decreased nematode reproduction by 22.9 and 60.6% in cultivars, Enyeru and Kibuzi respectively	[57]
M. incognita, Pratylenchus coffeae, R. similis, Helicotylenchus multicinctus	Banana	Bacillus subtilis (EPB 5, 22, 31 and EPC 16) Talc based	Reduced nematode population in the combined treatment of EPB 5+31	[58]
R. similis	Banana	F. oxysporum (S9, P12)	63% reduction in R. similis population in root system	[38]
R. similis	Banana	F. oxysporum	Pre-inoculation of banana plantlets on one half of the root system significantly reduced root penetration of J2s on the non-treated half of the root by 30–40%	[59]
R. similis	Banana	F. oxysporum (V5w2)	Disrupted nematode reproduction	[60]
R. similis	Banana	F. oxysporum (strain 162), Paecilomyces lilacinus (strain 251), Bacillus firmus	Reduced nematode density by 68% after combined application of F. oxysporum and P. lilacinus; Application of F. oxysporum and B. firmus resulted in reduced J2 density by 86.2%	[61]
Pratylenchus goodeyi	Banana	F. oxysporum	Increased paralysis and mortality of motile stages by 17–26% and 62–73% respectively	[39]
M. incognita	Squash and melon	F. oxysporum (strain 162)	Reduced early root penetration of J2s in squash and melon up to 69 and 73%, respectively	[40]
R. similis, P. goodeyi, H. multicinctus	Banana	F. oxysporum	Higher nematode mortality after 24 h exposure to culture filtrates; H. multicinctus was less sensitive to culture filtrates than R. similis and P. goodeyi	[41]
P. goodeyi	Banana	F. oxysporum (4MOC321, 11SR23)	Significant reduction of P. goodeyi population by >50% and percentage root necrosis was reduced by >30%	[62]
M. javanica	Banana	Streptomyces sp.	Inhibition rate of >50% in vitro and biocontrol efficiency of 70.7% in sterile soil against J2s	[63]
Tuber crops
M. incognita	Potato	R. etli (G12)	The no. of galls on roots was 34% lower than control	[64]
Globodera rostochiensis	Potato	P. fluorescens, P. putida 3, P. syxantha, P. aurantiacea 13	Reduced nematode multiplication by 40.7–42.2% over the control with P. putida 3 and P. aurantiacea 13 respectively	[65]
G. rostochiensis	Potato	Bacillus carotarum, B. cereus, and Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes	Increased the mortality of J2s by 67–97%; No effect on eggs; suppressed the number of cysts by 51–65% and J2s by 48–76% in greenhouse experiment	[66]
Ornamental crops
M. incognita	Ornamentals	P. agglomerans (MN34); P. putida 9MN12)	Decreased galling index	[67]
Plantation crops
R. similis	Black pepper	Bacillus megaterium (BP 17) and Curtobacterium luteum (TC 10)	Higher nematode suppression with C. luteum followed by B. megaterium	[68]
Meloidogyne sp.	Black pepper	B. megaterium (DS9)	Reduced nematode population with great inhibition values of 81 and 73%	[69]
Meloidogyne spp.; Pratylenchus spp.; Apratylenchus spp.; Criconemella spp.; Xiphinema spp.; Rotylenchulus spp.	Coffee	Bacillus spp., Serratia spp., Paenibacillus spp., Enterobacter spp. and Streptomyces spp. (CBG9)	Streptomyces sp. showed inhibited egg hatching by 85% and mortality of M. incognita J2s by 85%	[70]
M. incognita; R. similis	Black pepper	AA2, MER7, ANIC, TT2, MER9, HEN1, EH11, TT2	Reduced the number of root galls by 30–91%; reduced nematode population in the soil by 15–99%	[7]
Agricultural crops
M. incognita	Cotton		Reduced 30–50% of root galls by seed treatment application	[71]
Meloidogyne graminicola	Rice	Bacillus megaterium	Reduced nematode penetration and gall formation by >40%	[72]
M. graminicola	Rice	Fusarium spp.	Reduced root-galling by 29–42% and increased root weight by 33%	[73]
M. incognita	Cotton	Chaetomium globosum TAMU 520	Inhibited nematode infection and reduced female production	[45]
M. graminicola	Rice	Fusarium moniliforme Fe14	Reduced J2 penetration into roots by 55% and increased male to female ratio by nine times.	[74]
Fodder crops
Pratylenchus scribneri	Tall fescue	Epichloe coenophiala	Reduced nematode population	[42]
Meloidogyne marylandi	Tall fescue	E. coenophiala	Reduced the emergence of J2s, number of egg masses per pot and the number of eggs per egg mass	[43,44]
P. scribneri; Helicotylenchus pseudorobustus; M. marylandi	Tall fescue	E. coenophiala	Hinderance in reproduction of the nematodes	[43]
Pratylenchus spp.	Tall fescue	E. coenophiala	Non-ergot strain AR584 confer resistance in cv. Georgia 5	[75]
Tylenchorhynchus spp., Criconemella spp., Helicotylenchus spp.; Pratylenchus spp.	Tall fescue	E. coenophiala (AR584; AR542; AR502)	No effect on nematode population densities	[76]
Forest trees
Bursaphelenchus xylophilus	Pine trees	Escherichia coli (M131, M132) Serratia marcescens (M44)	E. coli and S. marcescens showed significant nematicidal activity (67 and 60% mortality) respectively	[77]
M. incognita	Shorea sp.; Swietenia sp.; Albizia falcataria; Anthocephalus cadamba; Juglans nigra	Bacterial isolates	Inhibited egg hatching up to 81% and mortality up to 85%	[78]
B. xylophilus	Pine trees	Stenotrophomonas and Bacillus sp.	Significant inhibitory activity against PWN during their developmental stages	[79]