Table 1.
Characteristics of the included articles.
| Author, Year [Reference] | Country | Study Period | Cluster Generated | Transmission |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aherfi, 2020 [27] | France (Alps) | 8–15 March 2020 (Purin holidays) | Out of 50 subjects, 17 tested positive of which 16 from Marseille and 1 from Nice. Mean age 32 years, one pregnant woman, and 4 children. | In the hotel where families organized a week-long stay, sharing bedrooms, meals and participating in public events. The index case was not clearly identified. |
| Brandl, 2020 [28] | Germany | 18 February–12 March 2020 | Out of the first 110 pts detected in Germany, 11% had a skiing vacation in Austria or Italy. | No information provided. |
| Correa-Martinez, 2020 [29] | Austria (Ischgl) | 9–16 March 2020 | Out of 90 pts at University Hospital Munster (Germany), 36 tested positive and were in Ischgl, whereas other 9 pts had equivocal tests (61% male, aged 20–71 years). Norway reported 161 cases imported from Austria (no other details are provided). Iceland: travelers returning from Ischgl (no details info are provided). |
Most of the German pts had visited apres-ski bars (on 7 March, an employee of an apres-ski bar tested positive, potentially the index case). |
| European Centre for Disease prevention and Control, 2020 [20] | European level | Not applicable | Not applicable. | Tourist locations, especially in the winter period, can be places where diffusion can take place more easily (use of public transport, crowding, less air exchange). The choices of easing or reinforcing restrictions should take into account the epidemiological framework, the capabilities of the health system, as well as the social, personal and economic impact of such measures. |
| Hodcroft, 2020 [30] | France (Contamnies-Monjoie; Haute-Savoie) | 24 January 2020 | A total of 11 positive cases were detected in UK and Spain starting from an index case (UK man). | A British man spent 2 days in Singapore, and before returning to the UK spent 4 days in Contamnies-Monjoie, sharing the same chalet with other 21 people from the UK (5 tested positive). Other 4 UK subjects tested positive, of which 3 were in the same skiing trip to France. The UK man had an unidentified contact (in the ski resort) with a Spanish man who became infected. The UK man had a yoga lesson in UK and infected another attendee. |
| Jahn, 2021 [18] | 48 wastewater samples in Switzerland (Zurich, Lausanne and an alpine ski area) | 8 July and 21 December 2020 | Not applicable | In the ski area sample (21 December), 10 out of the 17 B.1.1.7 mutations and one of the 12 501.V2 mutations were detected. This suggests an earlier circulation of the B.1.1.7 variants compared to the previously believed first identified pt in Geneva (the 22 December). |
| Knabl L et al. 2020 [32] | Austria, Ischgl | 21–27 April 2020 | Cross sectional study on the entire population of Ischgl (No. = 1867); seroprevalence equals to 42.4% | Suspected role of an après-ski bar in the ski resort. |
| Kreidl, 2020 [31] | Austria (Tyrol; District of Imst, Kuhtai) | 24–26 January 2020 | A 33-year-old German woman became symptomatic (rhinitis, mild otitis, hyposmia and hypogeusia) the day of arrival in the Alpine resort. | The woman contracted the infection from a Chinese instructor who participated in several meetings and workshops in Starnberg, Bavaria. |
| McLaughlin C et al. 2020 [33] | USA, Idaho | 8–9 April 2020 | A series of 505 incident cases occurring in Blaine County (tot. Inhabitants, 23,089 population) during March-middle April 2020 (incidence rate, 2.9%); seroprevalence assessed on 917 volunteers; seroprevalence was higher (34.8% in Ketchum) in areas not directly involved in the ski resort, and lower in Sun Valley, where the ski resorts actually are (19.4%). | Tourist location, but the causes of the initial spreading of the outbreak remain unclear. |
| The Local, 2021 [19] | Germany (Garmisch-Partenkirchen Hospital in Bavaria) | 18 January 2021 | No information provided | 52 patients and 21 employees had tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. |
| Truc F, Gervino G 2021 [34] | Italy, Cogne | 3 March, 18 May, 2020 | Cross-sectional study on the entire population of Cogne (No. = 1149); actual participants 857; seroprevalence equals to 3.4%. | Preventive effect of early implementation of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI), mainly represented by lockdown measures. |
Pt = patients.