Table 1.

Summary of Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) for top common classes of diseases and biofunctions regulated by melatonin and its metabolites based on the data obtained from primary human epidermal keratinocytes.

Top Diseases and Biofunctions	Melatonin		AFMK		6(OH)Mel
Diseases and disorders	p value range	Molecules	p value range	Molecules	p value range	Molecules
Cancer	1.39 × 10−3 ÷ 4.30 × 10−21	1313	3.11 × 10−3 ÷ 2.06 × 10−23	1419	5.59 × 10−3 ÷ 8.62 × 10−21	1211
Dermatological diseases and conditions	2.99 × 10−4 ÷ 4.30 × 10−21	1073	1.60 × 10−3 ÷ 2.06 × 10−23	1127	5.22 × 10−3 ÷ 8.62 × 10−21	1065
Organismal injury and abnormalities	1.48 × 10−3 ÷ 4.30 × 10−21	1454	3.14 × 10−3 ÷ 2.06 × 10−23	1528	5.94 × 10−3 ÷ 8.62 × 10−21	1330
Reproductive system disease	1.48 × 10−3 ÷ 3.49 × 10−13	104	1.13 × 10−10	19	5.78 × 10−3 ÷ 6.37 × 10−9	47
Endocrine system disorders	1.47 × 10−3 ÷ 9.57 × 10−13	598	3.14 × 10−03 ÷ 1.56 × 10−12	252	6.1 × 10−8	194
Gastrointestinal disease	6.37 × 10−8	26	3.11 × 10−3 ÷ 1.56 × 10−12	404	1.6 × 10−7	86
Psychological disorders	1.7 × 10−7	18	1.35 × 10−5	31	5.93 × 10−3 ÷ 4.25 × 10−8	170
Molecular and cellular functions	p value range	Molecules	p value range	Molecules	p value range	Molecules
Cell to cell signaling and interaction	1.47 × 10−3 ÷ 2.19 × 10−9	415	1.2 × 10−5	86	5.96 × 10−3 ÷ 1.71 × 10−9	416
Gene expression	5.80 × 10−8 ÷ 5.80 × 10−8	25	1.96 × 10−6	23	5.15 × 10−5	20
Cell signaling	1.39 × 10−3 ÷ 7.55 × 10−7	172	3.11 × 10−3 ÷ 2.71 × 10−7	191	5.96 × 10−3 ÷ 1.23 × 10−8	205
Molecular transport	1.43 × 10−3 ÷ 7.55 × 10−7	267	3.12 × 10x−3 ÷ 7.72 × 10−10	375	5.96 × 10−3 ÷ 3.08 × 10−10	349
Vitamin and mineral metabolism	7.29 × 10−4 ÷ 7.55 × 10−7	138	2.43 × 10−3 ÷ 2.71 × 10−7	150	5.96 × 10−3 ÷ 1.23 × 10−8	169
Cellular function and maintenance	1.49 × 10−6	69	3.12 × 10−3 ÷ 1.06 × 10−9	157	2.51 × 10−7	18
Cellular movement	3.95 × 10−6	37	2.95 × 10−3 ÷ 4.56 × 10−7	208	7.3 × 10−6	62
Cell morphology	9.84 × 10−4	7	5.36 × 10−5	15	5.34 × 10−3 ÷ 2.51 × 10−7	97