Table 4.
Therapeutic implications for melatonin, AFMK and 6(OH)Mel based on GSEA. NES—normalized enriched score; FDR—false discovery rate; (×)—the effect is absent.
| Therapeutic Effects of Melatonin and Its Metabolites | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reactome Pathway | GSEA for Melatonin | GSEA for 6(OH)Mel | GSEA for AFMK | ||||||
| NES | FDR | Direction | NES | FDR | Direction | NES | FDR | Direction | |
| Antiviral mechanism by IFN-stimulated genes | × | × | × | 1.03 | 0.57 | ↑ | 1.03 | 0.55 | ↑ |
| ISG15 antiviral mechanism | 1.03 | 0.55 | ↑ | × | × | × | 1.03 | 0.55 | ↑ |
| Defensins | 0.94 | 0.89 | ↑ | 0.94 | 0.90 | ↑ | 0.94 | 0.91 | ↑ |
| Beta defensins | 0.93 | 0.93 | ↑ | 0.92 | 0.95 | ↑ | 0.91 | 0.96 | ↑ |
| Tat-mediated HIV elongation arrest and recovery | 1.06 | 0.50 | ↑ | 1.05 | 0.51 | ↑ | 1.07 | 0.49 | ↑ |
| HIV elongation arrest and recovery | 1.07 | 0.51 | ↑ | 1.06 | 0.50 | ↑ | 1.08 | 0.49 | ↑ |
| Abortive elongation of HIV-1 transcript in the absence of Tat | 1.06 | 0.49 | ↑ | 1.06 | 0.50 | ↑ | × | × | × |
| Pausing and recovery of HIV elongation | 1.05 | 0.49 | ↑ | 1.06 | 0.51 | ↑ | × | × | × |
| Telomere maintenance | 0.98 | 0.69 | ↑ | 0.99 | 0.66 | ↑ | 0.99 | 0.64 | ↑ |
| Packaging of telomere ends | 1.01 | 0.60 | ↑ | 1.02 | 0.58 | ↑ | 1.03 | 0.55 | ↑ |
| Extension of telomeres | 0.96 | 0.83 | ↑ | 0.97 | 0.75 | ↑ | 0.97 | 0.76 | ↑ |
| Telomere C-strand (Lagging Strand) synthesis | 0.97 | 0.74 | ↑ | 0.96 | 0.83 | ↑ | 0.95 | 0.86 | ↑ |
| Interleukin-10 signaling | 1.06 | 0.49 | ↑ | 1.06 | 0.50 | ↑ | 1.07 | 0.49 | ↑ |