Table 2.
Clinical features, treatment and outcomes of 692 retinoblastoma patients from 10 countries.
| Feature | All Cases n = 894 Eyes in 692 Patients |
Low-Income Country (LIC) n = 98 Eyes of 74 Patients |
Lower Middle-Income Countries (LMIC) n = 392 Eyes of 294 Patients |
Upper Middle-Income Countries (UMIC) n = 319 Eyes of 254 Patients |
High Income Countries (HIC) n = 85 Eyes of 70 Patients |
p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tumour laterality | ||||||
| Unilateral | 490 (71) | 50 (68) | 196 (67) | 189 (74) | 55 (79) | 0.09 |
| Bilateral | 202 (29) | 24 (32) | 98 (33) | 65 (26) | 15 (21) | |
| 8th edition AJCC | ||||||
| Tumour | ||||||
| T1 | 124 (14) | 20 (20) | 43 (11) | 41 (13) | 20 (24) | 0.006 b |
| T2 | 397 (44) | 33 (34) | 144 (37) | 175 (55) | 45 (53) | 0.23 |
| T3 | 294 (33) | 25 (26) | 169 (43) | 80 (25) | 20 (24) | 0.53 |
| T4 | 79 (9) | 20 (20) | 36 (9) | 23 (7) | 0 (0) | 0.0004 c |
| Lymph nodes | ||||||
| N0 | 672 (97) | 60 (81) | 289 (98) | 253 (99) | 70 (100) | <0.0001 a |
| N1 | 20 (3) | 14 (19) | 5 (2) | 1 (<1) | 0 (0) | |
| Metastasis | ||||||
| M0 | 654 (95) | 62 (84) | 274 (93) | 248 (98) | 70 (100) | 0.13 |
| M1 | 38 (5) | 12 (16) | 20 (7) | 6 (2) | 0 (0) | |
| Primary treatment * | ||||||
| Focal treatment ** | 132 (15) | 20 (20) | 35 (9) | 55 (17) | 22 (26) | 0.27 |
| IVC | 381 (43) | 18 (18) | 204 (52) | 131 (41) | 28 (33) | 0.51 |
| IAC | 121 (14) | 0 (0) | 2 (<1) | 97 (30) | 22 (26) | 0.005 d |
| IviC | 27 (3) | 0 (0) | 1 (<1) | 20 (6) | 6 (7) | <0.0001 e |
| Enucleation | 279 (31) | 51 (52) | 135 (34) | 68 (21) | 25 (29) | 0.35 |
| Treatment refusal | 28 (3) | 7 (7) | 9 (2) | 3 (<1) | 0 (0) | 0.03 f |
| Outcomes at the end of the study | ||||||
| Globe salvage | 513 (59) | 27 (30) | 229 (58) | 197 (62) | 58 (68) | <0.0001 g |
| HRF | 179 (51) | 40 (63) | 75 (46) | 61 (50) | 3 (11) | 0.31 |
| Death | 21 (3) | 0 (0) | 16 (5) | 5 (2) | 0 (0) | 0.26 |
AJCC, American Joint Committee Classification; EBRT, external beam radiotherapy; * Total is more than 100% since few patients received more than one form of primary treatment; ** argon laser photocoagulation or cryotherapy; IVC, intravenous chemotherapy; IAC, intra-arterial chemotherapy; IviC, intravitreal chemotherapy; HRF, high-risk histopathologic features. a LIC vs. LMIC (p < 0.001); LIC vs. UMIC (p < 0.001); LIC vs. HIC (p < 0.001). b HIC vs. LMIC (p = 0.003); HIC vs. UMIC (p = 0.014). c LIC vs. LMIC (p = 0.011); LIC vs. UMIC (p = 0.002); LIC vs. HIC (p < 0.001); LMIC vs. HIC (p = 0.009). d LMIC vs. HIC (p = 0.001). e LMIC vs. UMIC (p < 0.001); LMIC vs. HIC (p < 0.001). f LIC vs. HIC (p = 0.016). g LIC vs. LMIC (p < 0.001); LIC vs. UMIC (p < 0.001); LIC vs. HIC (p < 0.001).