Table 6.
Benzodiazepine adverse events associated with route of administration [12,16,18,20,22,23,24,25,26,29,30,66,68,76,77,78,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94].
| Adverse Event | Lorazepam | Midazolam | Diazepam | Clobazam | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IV * | IM | IN | Buccal | IV * | IN | PR | Oral | |
| Respiratory complication | 4.4–17.6% | 10.8–14.6% | 8% | 1.2–4.6% | 5.6–16.8% | 1–6% | 1.2–6.4% | 13–14% |
| Hypotension | 1.5–25.8% | 1.4% | <1–21.8% | <1% | 15–31.6% | 2% | 2–4.4% | <1% |
| Cardiac arrhythmia | 7.2% | <1% | <1% | <1% | 1–2.1% | <1% | <1% | <1% |
| Dizziness/ataxia | 7% | <1% | <1% | <1–4.6% | 3–6% | 6% | 4.4–11% | 10% |
| Somnolence/drowsiness | 1.5% | <1% | 10–68% | 1–21% | 23% | 23–57% | 7–55% | 16–25% |
| Local reaction | <1% | 1.1–5% | 17–29% | <1–21% | <1% | 14% | 7% | <1% |
* Formulations that contain propylene glycol have a higher risk of metabolic acidosis, renal insufficiency, hypotension, and cardiac arrhythmias. IM, intramuscular; IN, intranasal; IV, intravenous; PR, rectal.