Table 2.

Antimicrobial activity of C. asiatica extracts obtained by various methods.

Extraction Method	Solvent	Antimicrobial Method	Microbes	Effect	References
Maceration	Methanol, water	Open hole diffusion, 2-fold dilution method	Bacillus subtilis	+	[83]
			Escherichia coli	−
			Aeromonas hydrophila	−
			Citrobacter freundii	−
Maceration	Ethanol	Agar diffusion	Bacillus cereus	+	[93]
			Listeria monocytogenes	+
Maceration	Ethanol	Disc diffusion	Escherichia coli	+	[85]
			Bacillus subtilis	+
			Vibrio cholerae	+
			Shigella sonnei	+
			Bacillus cereus	−
			Shigella dysenteriae	−
			Staphylococcus aureus	−
			Salmonella paratyphi	+
Maceration	Ethanol	Disc diffusion	Staphylococcus aureus	+	[92]
Maceration	Water, methanol	Disc diffusion, agar well diffusion	Aeromonas hydrophila	−	[88]
			Edwardsiella tarda	−
	Chloroform	Broth dilution, agar well diffusion, disc diffusion	Aeromonas hydrophila	+
			Edwardsiella tarda	+
Maceration	Water	Agar diffusion, Disc diffusion	Salmonella enterica	−	[94]
			Shigella flexneri	−
			Escherichia coli	−
			Enterobacter cloacae	−
Maceration	Ethanol	Agar well diffusion	Helicobacter pylori	+	[82]
Maceration	Methanol	Micro broth dilution	Mycobacterium sp.	+	[84]
			Staphylococcus aureus	+
			Bacillus subtilis	+
			Aspergillus niger	+
			Candida albicans	+
			Escherichia coli	−
Maceration	Acetone	Micro broth dilution	Bacillus cereus	+	[77]
			Serratia sp.	−
			Rhodotorula mucilaginosa	−
			Aspergillus flavus	−
			Penicillium citrinum	−
	Methanol		Bacillus cereus	+
			Serratia sp.	+
			Rhodotorula mucilaginosa	+
			Aspergillus flavus	+
			Penicillium citrinum	+
	Ethanol		Bacillus cereus	+
			Serratia sp.	−
			Rhodotorula mucilaginosa	+
			Aspergillus flavus	+
			Penicillium citrinum	+
Maceration	Dichloro-methane:methanol	Disc diffusion, micro broth dilution	Escherichia coli	+	[81]
			Salmonella typhi	+
			Bacillus subtilis	+
			Staphylococcus aureus	+
			Shigella sonnei	+
Maceration	Ethanol aqueous	Disc diffusion, agar dilution	Staphylococcus aureus	+	[42]
Maceration	Methanol, acetone, ethyl acetate	Agar diffusion, microplate dilution assay	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	+	[76]
			Staphylococcus aureus	+
			Streptococcus agalactiae	+
			Bacillus cereus	+
			Enterococcus hirae	+
			Enterococcus faecalis (clinical isolate)	+
			Enterococcus gallinarum	+
			Escherichia coli	+
Maceration	Aqueous	Disc diffusion	Streptococcus pyogenes	−	[86]
			Pseudomonas aeruginosa	−
			Escherichia coli	+
			Staphylococcus aureus	+
			Staphylococcus albus	+
			Streptococcus pneumoniae	+
			Candida albicans	−
			Microsporum boulardii	−
			Aspergillus niger	+
			Aspergillus flavus	+
	Aqueous	Open hole diffusion	Streptococcus pneumoniae	−
			Streptococcus pyogenes	−
			Pseudomonas aeruginosa	+
			Escherichia coli	+
			Staphylococcus aureus	+
			Staphylococcus albus	+
	Chloroform	Disc diffusion	Escherichia coli	+
			Staphylococcus aureus	+
			Staphylococcus albus	+
			Pseudomonas aeruginosa	+
			Streptococcus pyogenesis	+
			Streptococcus pneumoniae	+
Soxhlet	Ethanol, methanol	Disc diffusion	Aspergillus niger	+	[89]
			Bacillus subtilis	+
Soxhlet	Water	Disc diffusion	Escherichia coli	+	[11]
			Klebsiella pneumoniae	+
			Staphylococcus aureus	+
			Streptococcus pyogenes	+
Soxhlet	Aqueous	Agar well diffusion	Escherichia coli	+	[95]
			Staphylococcus aureus	+
			Bacillus megaterium	+
			Vibrio parahaemolyticus	+
			Vibrio mimicus	+
			Shigella boydii	+
			Bacillus cereus	+
			Bacillus subtilis	+
			Shigella dysenteriae	+
			Salmonella typhi	+
			Salmonella Paratyphi	+
			Pseudomonas aeruginosa	+
			Escherichia coli	+
			Sarcina lutea	+
			Staphylococcus aureus	+
Soxhlet	Methanol	Disc diffusion	Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)	+	[96]
			Staphylococcus aureus	+
			Klebsiella pneumoniae	−
			Pseudomonas aeruginosa	−
			Escherichia coli	−
Soxhlet	Methanol	Agar well diffusion	Micrococcus luteus	+	[10]
			Staphylococcus aureus	+
			Bacillus subtilis	+
			Bacillus cereus	+
			Escherichia coli	+
			Pseudomonas aeruginosa	+
			Zymomonas mobilis	+
		Disc diffusion	Aspergillus niger	+
			Aspergillus sydouri	+
			Trichoderma reesei	+
Soxhlet	Methanol	Agar well diffusion	Aspergillus niger	+	[17]
			Penicillium expansum	−
			Fusarium oxysporum	+
			Xanthomonas campestris	+
			Lactobacillus acidophilus	+
			Pseudomonas marginalis	+
			Pseudomonas syringae	+
			Pseudomonas aeruginosa	−
			Streptococcus mutans	−
			Streptococcus salivarius	+
			Staphylococcus aureus	+
Soxhlet	Methanol	Disc diffusion	Proteus mirabilis	+	[65]
			Streptococcus faecalis	+
			Streptococcus pyogenes	+
			Escherichia coli	+
			Fusarium oxysporum	+
			Alternaria alternata	+
			Curvularia lunata	+
	Petroleum ether		Staphylococcus aureus	−
			Bacillus subtilis	−
			Bacillus thuringiensis	−
			Enterococcus faecalis	−
			Serratia marcescens	−
			Pseudomonas aeruginosa	−
			Proteus vulgaris	−
			Proteus mirabilis	−
			Klebsiella pneumoniae	−
			Escherichia coli	−
Soxhlet	Ethanol	Disc diffusion	ESBL strains		[90]
			Escherichia coli	+
			Klebsiella pneumoniae	−
			Carbapenem-resistant strains
			Acinetobacter baumannii	−
			Klebsiella pneumoniae	+
			Pseudomonas aeruginosa	+
	Petroleum ether		ESBL strains
			Escherichia coli	−
			Klebsiella pneumoniae	+
			Carbapenem-resistant strains
			Acinetobacter baumannii	−
			Klebsiella pneumoniae	−
			Pseudomonas aeruginosa	−
UAE	Methanol, acetone, chloroform, water	Agar well diffusion	Bacillus cereus	+	[73]
			Escherichia coli	+
			Staphylococcus aureus	+
			Pseudomonas aeruginosa	+
UAE	Methanol	Disc diffusion	Microbes in fish surimi	+	[97]
MAE	Ethanol	Disc diffusion	Streptococcus mutans	+	[98]
			Streptococcus mitis	+
			Streptococcus pyogenes	+