Table 3.
Odds Ratio (OR) and Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) of The Risk of Gout (N = 385).
| Characteristic | Healthy Control Group n (%) |
Gout Group n (%) |
OR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Smoking status | 304 (100%) | 81 (100%) | ||
| Non-smoker | 212 (69.70%) | 22 (27.20%) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Exposed to SHS | 47 (15.50%) | 35 (43.20%) | 7.17 (3.86~13.33) ** | 4.67 (2.18~10.00) ** |
| Active smoker | 45 (14.80%) | 24 (29.60%) | 5.13 (2.65~9.96) ** | 3.26 (1.07~9.90) * |
| Duration as active smoker (years) | 257 (100%) | 46 (100%) | ||
| 0 | 212 (82.50%) | 22 (47.80%) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| >0~≤23 | 24 (9.30%) | 11 (23.90%) | 2.93 (1.13~7.60) * | 2.34 (0.46~11.98) |
| >23 | 21 (8.20%) | 13 (28.30%) | 7.45 (3.45~16.08) ** | 5.95 (1.41~25.03) * |
| No. of cigarettes consumed per day by an active smoker | 257 (100%) | 46 (100%) | ||
| 0 | 212 (82.50%) | 22 (47.80%) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| >0~≤16 | 25 (9.70%) | 13 (28.30%) | 2.83 (0.95~8.42) | 2.50 (0.45~13.96) |
| >16 | 20 (7.80%) | 11 (23.90%) | 6.54 (3.15~13.56) ** | 5.15 (1.28~20.63) * |
| Pack~year of active smoker | 257 (100%) | 46 (100%) | ||
| 0 | 212 (82.50%) | 22 (47.80%) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| >0~<20 | 28 (10.90%) | 10 (21.70%) | 3.44 (1.47~8.01) ** | 2.94 (0.68~12.76) |
| >20 | 17 (6.60%) | 14 (30.50%) | 7.93 (3.45~18.24) ** | 7.18 (1.53~33.67) * |
| Duration of exposure to SHS (years) | 259 (100%) | 57 (100%) | ||
| 0 | 212 (81.80%) | 22 (38.60%) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| >0~≤31.5 | 30 (11.60%) | 11 (19.30%) | 3.53 (1.55~8.01) ** | 2.11 (0.79~5.66) |
| >31.5 | 17 (6.60%) | 24 (42.10%) | 13.60 (6.35~29.11) ** | 10.12 (3.51~29.14) ** |
| No. of cigarettes per day generating SHS exposure | 259 (100%) | 57 (100%) | ||
| 0 | 212 (81.08%) | 22 (38.60%) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| >0~≤20 | 38 (14.70%) | 24 (42.10%) | 6.08 (3.10~11.95) ** | 4.53 (1.89~10.84) ** |
| >20 | 9 (3.50%) | 11 (19.30%) | 11.77 (4.40~31.51) ** | 4.37 (1.33~14.28) ** |
| Pack-year of SHS exposure | 259 (100%) | 57 (100%) | ||
| 0 | 212 (81.90%) | 22 (38.60%) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| >0~≤26.5 | 31 (12.00%) | 10 (17.5%) | 3.10 (1.34~7.18) ** | 1.66 (0.58~4.72) |
| >26.5 | 16 (6.10%) | 25 (43.9%) | 15.06 (7.00~32.38) | 9.95 (3.64~27.22) ** |
Note: BMI: body-mass index; SHS: second-hand smoke. The OR was calculated with a binary logistic regression test. The AOR was calculated by a multiple logistic regression test and adjusted for alcohol consumption, gender, educational level, age, urate levels, systolic blood pressure, and body-mass index. * Indicates a significant difference in values between groups at p < 0.05; ** Indicates a significant difference in values between groups p < 0.01.