Table 4.
Mechanical properties of natural fiber/natural fiber-reinforced hybrid polymer composites.
| Matrix | Fibers | Methods of Manufacturing | FS (MPa) | FM (GPa) | TS (MPa) | TM (GPa) | Impact Strength/Energy | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thermoset | ||||||||
| Epoxy | Abaca/jute/glass | Hand lay-up | 3.169 | - | 45.63 | 0.228 | 4.66 J | [123] |
| Epoxy | Flax/banana | Hand lay-up | 13.54 | - | 30 | - | 16 J | [137] |
| Epoxy | Flax/hemp | Compression molding | - | - | 40–60 | - | 14–20 kJ/m2 | [164] |
| Epoxy | Flax/hemp/basalt | Vacuum infusion | 128.46 | 7.45 | 115.97 | 7.69 | - | [154] |
| Epoxy | Jute/banana | Hand-lay-up | 59.84 | 9.17 | 18.96 | 0.724 | 18.23 kJ/m2 | [126] |
| Epoxy | Jute/banana | Hand lay-up | 59.84 | 9.17 | 18.96 | 0.724 | 18.23 kJ/m2 | [126] |
| Epoxy | Jute/oil palm | Hand lay-up | 49 | 3.07 | - | - | 57.0 J/m | [165] |
| Epoxy | Jute/oil palm | Hand lay-up | - | - | 25.3 | 2.62 | - | [166] |
| Epoxy | Jute/oil palm | Hand lay-up | - | - | 37.9 | 3.31 | - | [166] |
| Epoxy | Jute/oil palm | Hand lay-up | 49 | 3.07 | - | - | 57.0 J/m | [165] |
| Polyester | Jute/palm leaf stalk | Compression molding | 164 | 18.23 | 83.3 | 3.78 | 26.02 kJ/m2 | [136] |
| Epoxy | Jute/wool | Hand lay-up | 72.7 | 5.65 | 40.24 | 3.5 | 9 J | [167] |
| Polyester | Kenaf/banana | Hand lay-up | 172.2 | - | 110 | - | 23 kJ/m2 | [168] |
| Polyester | Palm leaf/jute | Compression molding | 145.66 | 17.95 | 64.3 | 2.45 | 27.01 kJ/m2 | [136] |
| Epoxy | Sisal/banana | Hand lay-up | 59.687 | 9.13 | 18.66 | 0.682 | 17.9 kJ/m2 | [169] |
| Polyester | Sisal/roselle | Hand lay-up | 76.5 | - | 58.7 | - | 1.32 kJ/m2 | [170] |
| Polyester | Sisal/roselle | Compression molding | 51.3 | - | 32.4 | - | 1.41 kJ/m2 | [171] |
| Epoxy | Wool and jute | Hand lay-up | 76.01 | 6.1 | 50.51 | 4.97 | [167] | |
| Epoxy | Woven jute/banana | Hand lay-up | 91.66 | 9.44 | 54.76 | 13.69 | 73.33 J/m | [172] |
| Thermoplastic | ||||||||
| High density polyethylene | Agave/pine | Extrusion and injection molding | 28.5 | 1.173 | 24 | 0.62 | 53 J/m | [173] |
| Polypropylene | Cordenka/jute | Injection molding | - | - | 72 | 3.2 | 79 kJ/m2 | [140] |
| Acrylate | Hemp/kenaf | Compression molding | - | - | 11.3 | 1.2–3 | 6–40 kJ/m2 | [174] |
| Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) | Hemp/kenaf | Compression molding | - | - | 61 | 7.763 | 11.8 kJ/m2 | [174] |
| Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) | Hemp/lyocell | Compression molding | - | - | 71.5 | 7.034 | 24.7 kJ/m2 | [174] |
| Bisphenol-C-formaldehyde | Jute/cane sugar husk | Hand lay-up | 48 | - | 12 | - | - | [162] |
| Bisphenol-C-formaldehyde | Jute/jamun flower husk | Hand lay-up | 41 | - | 12 | - | - | [162] |
| Bisphenol-C-formaldehyde | Jute/rice husk | Hand lay-up | 14 | - | 10 | - | - | [162] |
| Bisphenol-C-formaldehyde | Jute/wheat husk | Hand lay-up | 29 | - | 17 | - | - | [162] |
| Poly lactic acid | Sisal/banana | Injection molding | 91 | 4.2 | 57 | 1.7 | 31.5 kJ/m2 | [138] |
FS = flexural strength; FM = flexural strength; TS = tensile strength; TM = tensile modulus; GPa = Giga Pascals; MPa = Mega Pascals.