Table 2.
Univariate and multivariable linear regression analyses showing healthy behavioral change. Index a as a function of individual-level determinants b.
| Factors | Healthy Behavioral Change Index a | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude Regression Coefficients | 95% CI | p-Value | Adjusted Regression Coefficients b | 95% CI | p-Value | |
| Age | ||||||
| One unit increase | −0.11 | −0.02, −0.01 | <0.001 | |||
| 18–30 | Ref | <0.001 | Ref | 0.63 | ||
| 31–50 | 0.10 | −0.13, 0.33 | −0.04 | −0.34, 0.27 | ||
| 51–65 | −0.36 | −0.62, −0.11 | −0.23 | −0.60, 0.15 | ||
| >65 | −0.40 | −0.68, −0.12 | −0.10 | −0.64, 0.44 | ||
| Gender | <0.001 | |||||
| Male | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Female | −0.90 | −0.57, −0.22 | −0.37 | −0.62, −0.12 | 0.003 | |
| Race | <0.001 | 0.35 | ||||
| White | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Black | 0.54 | 0.31, 0.76 | 0.32 | −0.02, 0.66 | ||
| Hispanic | 0.33 | 0.06, 0.60 | 0.26 | −0.09, 0.61 | ||
| Asian | 0.45 | −0.02, 0.93 | 0.21 | −0.43, 0.85 | ||
| Other | 0.27 | −0.04, 0.59 | 0.07 | −0.31, 0.45 | ||
| Education | 0.02 | 0.12 | ||||
| Not college educated | Ref | Ref | ||||
| College educated | 0.27 | 0.05, 0.49 | 0.24 | −0.06, 0.55 | ||
| Marital status | 0.006 | 0.34 | ||||
| Unmarried | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Married | 0.24 | 0.07, 0.42 | 0.13 | −0.13, 0.39 | ||
| Annual household income | 0.002 | 0.24 | ||||
| Less than $25,000 | Ref | Ref | ||||
| $25,000 to $74,000 | 0.14 | −0.11, 0.38 | −0.18 | −0.53, 0.18 | ||
| $75,000 or more | 0.41 | 0.16, 0.65 | 0.03 | −0.34, 0.40 | ||
| Living arrangement | 0.08 | |||||
| Lives alone | Ref | |||||
| Lives with spouse/partner | 0.27 | 0.03, 0.50 | ||||
| Lives with family member | 0.22 | −0.05, 0.50 | ||||
| Lives with non-family member | −0.07 | −0.53, 0.38 | ||||
| Number of household residents | 0.22 | |||||
| 1 | Ref | |||||
| 2 | 0.10 | −0.14, 0.35 | ||||
| 3–4 | 0.22 | −0.02, 0.47 | ||||
| 5 or more | 0.26 | −0.06, 0.59 | ||||
| Lives with someone > age 65 | 0.01 | 0.75 | ||||
| Yes | −0.29 | −0.51, −0.06 | 0.05 | −0.27, 0.37 | ||
| No | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Lives with child < age 18 | <0.001 | 0.10 | ||||
| Yes | 0.41 | 0.21, 0.60 | 0.22 | −0.04, 0.47 | ||
| No | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Work status | <0.001 | |||||
| Working full-time | Ref | 0.10 | ||||
| Working part-time | −0.25 | −0.51, −0.02 | −0.18 | −0.52, 0.15 | ||
| Retired | −0.71 | −0.95, −0.47 | −0.43 | −0.88, 0.02 | ||
| Unemployed | −0.58 | −0.79, −0.36 | −0.33 | −0.64, −0.02 | ||
| Anxiety c | ||||||
| Case | −0.03 | −0.21, 0.15 | ||||
| Not a case | Ref | |||||
| Depression c | 0.30 | |||||
| Case | −0.10 | −0.28, 0.09 | ||||
| Not a case | Ref | |||||
| Stay-at-home adherence | 0.01 | 0.77 | ||||
| One unit increase | 0.06 | 0.01, 0.11 | 0.01 | −0.06, 0.09 | ||
| Social distancing adherence | <0.001 | 0.004 | ||||
| One unit increase | 0.09 | 0.04, 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.04, 0.21 | ||
| Hand hygiene/sanitization adherence | 0.79 | |||||
| One unit increase | 0.07 | 0.03, 0.11 | 0.001 | 0.01 | −0.04, 0.06 | |
a The healthy behavioral change index includes physical activity and healthy eating, and scores range from +2 to −2. b Individual-level determinants include sociodemographic, mental health, and behavioral (i.e., adherence to COVID-19 mitigation strategies) factors. c Living arrangement was not included in the final model due to collinearity with lives with someone aged >65 and lives with child aged <18. c Individuals categorized as having depression or anxiety met the criteria for “caseness” (T-score > 60) on the PROMIS 4-item short-form depression and anxiety measures.