Table 3.
Univariate and multivariable linear regression analyses showing addictive behavior. Change index a as a function of individual-level determinants b.
| Factors | Addictive Behavioral Change Index a | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude Regression Coefficients | 95% CI | p-Value | Adjusted Regression Coefficients c | 95% CI | p-Value | |
| Age | ||||||
| One unit increase | −0.005 | −0.008, −0.001 | 0.005 | |||
| 18–30 | Ref | 0.002 | 0.98 | |||
| 31–50 | 0.07 | −0.08, 0.23 | −0.003 | −0.19, 0.19 | ||
| 51–65 | −0.08 | −0.25, 0.09 | −0.04 | −0.26, 0.18 | ||
| >65 | −0.19 | −0.38, −0.01 | 0.01 | −0.27, 0.30 | ||
| Gender | 0.68 | |||||
| Male | Ref | |||||
| Female | −0.024 | −0.14, 0.09 | ||||
| Race | ||||||
| White | Ref | |||||
| Black | 0.13 | −0.03, 0.28 | ||||
| Hispanic | −0.09 | −0.28, 0.09 | ||||
| Asian | −0.19 | −0.51, 0.13 | ||||
| Other | 0.09 | −0.12, 0.30 | ||||
| Education | 0.43 | |||||
| Not college educated | Ref | |||||
| College Educated | 0.06 | −0.09, 0.21 | ||||
| Marital status | 0.59 | |||||
| Unmarried | Ref | |||||
| Married | 0.03 | −0.08, 0.15 | ||||
| Annual household income | 0.74 | |||||
| Less than $25,000 | Ref | |||||
| $25,000 to $74,999 | 0.06 | −0.10, 0.23 | ||||
| $75,000 or more | 0.04 | −0.13, 0.20 | ||||
| Living arrangement | 0.04 | |||||
| Lives alone | Ref | |||||
| Lives with spouse/partner | 0.17 | 0.01, 0.32 | ||||
| Lives with family member | 0.11 | −0.07, 0.29 | ||||
| Lives with non-family member | 0.40 | 0.10, 0.71 | ||||
| Number of household residents | 0.008 | 0.5 | ||||
| 1 | Ref | Ref | ||||
| 2 | 0.08 | −0.08, 0.24 | −0.03 | −0.53, 0.48 | ||
| 3–4 | 0.26 | 0.10, 0.42 | 0.02 | −0.48, 0.53 | ||
| 5 or more | 0.13 | −0.08, 0.35 | −0.14 | −0.67, 0.39 | ||
| Lives with someone > age 65 | 0.28 | |||||
| Yes | −0.08 | −0.23, 0.06 | ||||
| No | Ref | |||||
| Lives with child < age 18 | 0.004 | 0.12 | ||||
| Yes | 0.19 | 0.06, 0.32 | 0.14 | −0.04, 0.32 | ||
| No | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Work status | 0.38 | |||||
| Working full-time | Ref | 0.01 | Ref | |||
| Working part-time | −0.01 | −0.19, 0.17 | −0.03 | −0.24, 0.18 | ||
| Retired | −0.27 | −0.43, −0.10 | −0.20 | −0.47, 0.07 | ||
| Unemployed | −0.11 | −0.26, 0.04 | −0.11 | −0.29, 0.06 | ||
| Anxiety d | <0.0001 | 0.002 | ||||
| Case | 0.35 | 0.23, 0.47 | 0.26 | 0.09, 0.43 | ||
| Not a case | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Depression d | <0.0001 | 0.36 | ||||
| Case | 0.28 | 0.16, 0.40 | 0.08 | −0.09, 0.25 | ||
| Not a case | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Stay-at-home adherence | ||||||
| One unit increase | −0.002 | −0.037, 0.033 | 0.90 | |||
| Social distancing adherence | ||||||
| One unit increase | 0.02 | −0.01, 0.05 | 0.19 | |||
| Hand hygiene/sanitization adherence | 0.47 | |||||
| One unit increase | 0.02 | −0.16, 0.27 | 0.09 | 0.01 | −0.02, 0.04 | |
a The addictive behavioral change index includes alcohol use, tobacco smoking, and vaping. Scores range from +3 to −3. b Individual-level determinants include sociodemographic, mental health, and behavioral (i.e., adherence to COVID-19 mitigation strategies) factors. c Living arrangement was not included into final model due to collinearity with number of household residents and lives with child < age 18. d Individuals categorized as having depression or anxiety met the criteria for “caseness” (T-score > 60) on the PROMIS 4-item short-form depression and anxiety measures.