Table 1.
Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of T2DM patients (mean ± SD (range) or n (%)) according to the glycemic control.
| Variable | Poor Glycemic Control (n= 66) |
Good Glycemic Control (n = 38) |
Total (n = 104) |
p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 65.9 ± 9.7 (43–80) | 64.4 ± 10.8 (40–78) | 65.3 ± 10.1 (40–80) | 0.459 |
| Sex | 0.076 | |||
| Males | 43 (70.5) | 18 (29.5) | 61 (58.7) | |
| Females | 23 (53.5) | 20 (46.5) | 43 (41.3) | |
| Education level | 0.796 | |||
| <high school | 33 (64.7) | 18 (35.3) | 51 (48.1) | |
| high school or higher | 33 (62.3) | 20 (37.7) | 53 (51.9) | |
| Smoking | 0.788 | |||
| Yes | 4 (66.7) | 2 (33.3) | 6 (5.8) | |
| No | 62 (63.3) | 36 (36.7) | 98 (94.2) | |
| Alcohol consumption | 0.384 | |||
| Yes | 42 (61.8) | 26 (38.2) | 68 (64.4) | |
| No | 24 (66.7) | 12 (33.3) | 36 (34.6) | |
| Balanced diet | 0.105 | |||
| Yes | 4 (40.0) | 6 (60.0) | 10 (9.6) | |
| No | 62 (66.0) | 32 (34.0) | 94 (90.4) | |
| Leisure-time physical activity | 0.019 | |||
| Yes | 21 (50.0) | 21 (50.0) | 42 (40.4) | |
| No | 45 (72.6) | 17 (27.4) | 62 (59.6) | |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 15.1 ± 9.9 (1–42) | 12.8 ± 11.7 (1–52) | 14.2 ± 10.7 (1–52) | 0.306 |
| Family history of T2DM | 0.395 | |||
| Yes | 47 (66.2) | 24 (33.8) | 71 (68.3) | |
| No | 19 (57.6) | 14 (42.4) | 33 (31.7) | |
| Chronic complications of diabetes | 0.009 | |||
| None | 22 (53.7) | 19 (46.3) | 41 (39.4) | |
| 1 | 21 (56.8) | 16 (43.2) | 37 (35.6) | |
| 2 or more | 23 (88.5) | 3 (11.5) | 26 (25.0) | |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.0 ± 1.0 (7.0–11.6) | 6.3 ± 0.5 (5.0–6.9) | 7.4 ± 1.2 (5.0–11.6) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.6 ± 5.1 (18.8–40.8) | 28.1 ± 6.1 (17.0–43.0) | 29.1 ± 5.5 (17.0–43.0) | 0.162 |
| WC (cm) | 104.4 ± 12.6 (71.0–134.0) | 94.9 ± 15.2 (60.0–130.0) | 100.9 ± 14.3 (60.0–134.0) | 0.001 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 150.9 ± 81.4 851.0–507.0) | 145.0 ± 77.7 (57.0–377.0) | 148.8 ± 79.7 (51.0–107.0) | 0.719 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 47.2 ± 15.1 (23.0–90.0) | 53.8 ± 16.7 (31.0–88.0) | 49.6 ± 15.9 (23.0–80.0) | 0.042 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 94.9 ± 29.2 (47.6–147.0) | 92.8 ± 31.9 (22.4–158.2) | 94.1 ± 30.1 (22.4–158.2) | 0.738 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 171.8 ± 31.1 (122.0–227.0) | 177.2 ± 31.7 (101.0–224.0) | 173.7 ± 31.3 (101.0–227.0) | 0.399 |
| hs-CPR (mg/L) | 2.9 ± 2.3 (0.2–8.5) | 1.8 ± 2.3 (0.0–9.9) | 2.5 ± 2.3 (0.0–9.9) | 0.030 |
| Number of teeth | 21.9 ± 4.9 (6–28) | 22.7 ± 4.6 (9–28) | 22.2 ± 4.8 (6–28) | 0.410 |
| Periodontitis | <0.001 | |||
| No/mild periodontitis | 1 (11.1) | 8 (88.9) | 9 (8.7) | |
| Moderate periodontitis | 13 (46.4) | 15 (53.6) | 28 (26.9) | |
| Severe periodontitis | 52 (77.6) | 15 (22.4) | 67 (64.4) | |
| Full-mouth PISA (mm2) | 1342.3 ± 487.9 (422.0–2732.0) | 946.1 ± 454.1 (229.0–2252.0) | 1204.1 ± 507.7 (229.0–2732.0) | <0.001 |
BMI: Body Mass Index; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; WC: waist circumference; TG: triglycerides; HDL-C: High-density-lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; PISA: periodontal inflammation surface area; T2DM: type 2 diabetes.