Table 2.
Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of T2DM patients (mean ± SD (range) or n (%)) according to the periodontal status.
| Variable | No/Mild Periodontitis (n = 9) |
Moderate Periodontitis (n = 28) |
Severe Periodontitis (n = 67) |
Total | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 60.1 ± 17.1 (40–79) | 66.0 ± 9.7 (47–80) | 65.8 ± 8.9 (43–80) | 65.3 ± 10.1 (40–80) | 0.266 |
| Sex | 0.240 | ||||
| Males | 3 (4.9) | 16 (26.2) | 42 (68.9) | 61 (58.7) | |
| Females | 6 (14.0) | 12 (27.9) | 25 (58.1) | 43 (41.3) | |
| Education level | 0.902 | ||||
| <high school | 5 (9.8) | 14 (27.5) | 32 (62.7) | 51 (48.1) | |
| high school or higher | 4 (7.5) | 14 (26.4) | 35 (66.0) | 53 (51.9) | |
| Smoking | 0.696 | ||||
| Yes | 1 (16.7) | 1 (16.7) | 4 (66.6) | 6 (5.8) | |
| No | 8 (8.2) | 27 (27.5) | 63 (64.3) | 98 (94.2) | |
| Alcohol consumption | 0.455 | ||||
| Yes | 5 (7.3) | 15 (22.1) | 48 (70.6) | 68 (65.4) | |
| No | 4 (11.1) | 13 (36.1) | 19 (52.8) | 36 (34.6) | |
| Balanced diet | 0.196 | ||||
| Yes | 0 | 1 (10.0) | 9 (90.0) | 10 (9.6) | |
| No | 9 (9.6) | 27 (28.7) | 58 (61.7) | 94 (90.4) | |
| Leisure-time physical activity | 0.904 | ||||
| Yes | 4 (9.5) | 12 (28.6) | 26 (61.9) | 42 (40.4) | |
| No | 5 (8.1) | 16 (25.8) | 41 (66.1) | 62 (59.6) | |
| Duration of diabetes (yrs) | 14.9 ± 11.2 (1–38) | 12.9 ± 11.9 (1–52) | 14.7 ± 10.1 (1–42) | 14.2 ± 10.7 (1–52) | 0.754 |
| Family history of T2DM | 0.015 | ||||
| Yes | 7 (9.9) | 13 (18.3) | 51 (71.8) | 71 (68.3) | |
| No | 2 (6.1) | 15 (45.4) | 16 (48.5) | 33 (31.7) | |
| Chronic complications of diabetes | 0.002 | ||||
| None | 5 (12.2) | 12 (29.3) | 24 (58.5) | 41 (39.4) | |
| 1 | 4 (10.8) | 15 (40.5) | 18 (48.6) | 37 (35.6) | |
| 2 or more | 0 (0.0) | 1 (3.8) | 25 (96.2) | 26 (25.0) | |
| Glycemic control | <0.001 | ||||
| Good | 8 (21.1) | 15 (39.5) | 15 (39.5) | 38 (36.5) | |
| Poor | 1 (1.5) | 13 (19.7) | 52 (78.8) | 66 (63.5) | |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.1 ± 0.7 (5.0–7.3) | 7.1 ± 1.3 (5.4–10.0) | 7.6 ± 1.1 (5.2–11.6) | 7.4 ± 1.2 (5.0 –11.6) | 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 31.0 ± 6.3 (23.0–43.0) | 27.9 ± 6.0 (18.0– 40.3) | 29.3 ± 5.1 (17.0–40.8) | 29.1 ± 5.5 (17.0–43.0) | 0.295 |
| WC (cm) | 100.2 ± 11.3 (80.0–115.0) |
98.4± 16.9 (66.0–130.0) |
102.0 ± 13.5 (60.0M–134.0) |
100.9 ± 14.3 (60.0–134.0) |
0.533 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 136.1 ± 92.5 (57.0–374.0) |
176.1 ± 109.4 (63.0–107.0) |
139.0 ± 59.6 (51.0–358.0) |
148.8 ± 79.7 (51.0–107.0) |
0.103 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 52.2 ± 17.4 (38.0–83.0) |
47.1 ± 15.6 (23.0–83.0) |
50.3 ± 16.0 (24.0–90.0) |
49.6 ± 15.9 (23.0–80.0) |
0.592 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 94.8 ± 43.6 (22.4–154.0) |
91.9 ± 31.9 (38.4 –158.2) |
95.0 ± 27.7 (47.6 –147.0) |
94.1 ± 30.1 (22.4–158.2) |
0.903 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 179.1 ± 29.0 (124.0–217.0) |
174.6 ± 35.5 (101.0–207.0) |
172.6 ± 30.0 (122.0–226.0) |
173.7 ± 31.3 (101.0–227.0) |
0.832 |
| hs-CPR (mg/L) | 0.7 ± 0.06 (0.0–2.0) | 1.5 ± 1.2 (0.0–4.7) | 3.1 ± 2.5 (0.2–9.9) | 2.5 ± 2.3 (0.0–9.9) | <0.001 |
| Number of teeth | 24.1 ± 3.8 (18–28) | 22.1± 4.8 (10–28) | 22.0 ± 4.9 (6–28) | 22.2 ± 4.8 (6–28) | 0.472 |
| Full-mouth PISA (mm2) | 415.5 ± 105.5 (229.0 – 575.0) |
859.4 ± 199.5 (494.0 –1298.0) |
1454.1 ± 431.3 (585.0 – 2732.0) |
1204.1 ± 507.7 (229.0 –2732.0) |
< 0.001 |
BMI: Body Mass Index; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; WC: Waist circumference; TG: Triglycerides; HDL-C: High-density-lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol; hs-CRP: High-sensitivity C-reactive protein; PISA: Periodontal Inflamed Surface Area; T2DM: type 2 diabetes.