Table 4.

Studies on the association between LPS and cardiovascular disease.

Authors	Type	Year	Subjects	Findings
Ostos M.A. et al. [57]	Prospective	2002	ApoE-deficient mice injected with LPS	LPS administration aggravates atherosclerosis in apoE-deficient mice
Geng S. et al. [58]	Prospective	2016	ApoE-deficient mice injected with LPS	LPS causes significant elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6
Zhou X. et al. [59]	Comparative	2018	50 CAD patients, 50 STEMI patients and 49 healthy control	LPS in STEMI patients was significantly increased maybe for a gut bacterial translocation into systemic circulation
Kasahara K. et al. [60]	Prospective	2017	ApoE-deficient mice	ApoE− deficient mice are resistant to the development of atherosclerosis and this is associated with a reduction of LPS
Fuijkschot W.W. et al. [61]	Prospective	2018	ApoE-deficient mice injected with LPS	LPS injection triggers a systemic inflammation, but does not increase atherosclerotic plaque area or inflammatory cell density
Anzulovic-Mirosevic D. et al. [62]	Comparative	2011	37 patients with left ventricular dysfunction, 7 acute myocardial infarction and 29 healthy controls	LPS levels were lower in patients with a chronic left ventricular dysfunction but without reaching any statistical significance

Abbreviations: CAD, coronary artery disease; LPS, lipopolysaccharides; STEMI, ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction.