Table 2.

Drug delivery systems employed for the treatment of viral infections.

Phytochemicals or Extracts	Potential Antiviral Activity	Delivery System Strategy	Reference
Myricetin	HIV, RLV, influenza	Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems SNEDDS, nanogel, mixed micelles, cocrystal, nanoencapsulation, nanosuspension	[155]
Apigenin	Influenza A, HCV, Enterovirus 71, FMDV, ASFV.	Solid dispersion, W/O/Wemulsion, O/W microemulsion, mixed micelles, phospholipid phytosome, self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDS) pellets	[156,157,158]
Baicalin	DENV, RSV, HIV, Hepatitis B virus (HBV), influenza virus, NDV, enterovirus 71.	Liposome, mixed micelles, polymeric micelles, SNEDDS, SMEDDS, nanoparticles, nanocrystals, inclusion complex solid dispersion	[159,160]
Catechins	HBV, HSV, EBV, Adenovirus, HIV, HCV, Influenza virus, DENV, JEV, TBEV Zika Virus (ZIKV), CHIKV, HTLV-1, Rotavirus, Enterovirus EV71, EBOV, PRRSV, VHSV, IHNV, SVCV, GCRV.	Microparticles, calcium pectinate gel particles, chitosan nanoparticles, Nanoparticles of Polylactic Acid–polyethylene Glycol, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, colloidal complexes, liposomes, nanoemulsions	[161,162]
Hydroalcoholic extracts from Forsythiae fructus rich in Forsythoside A; Phillyrin; Calceolarioside; Rengynic acid	Influenza, RSV	Chito-oligosaccharides	[163]
Extracts from Forsythiae fructus rich in 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, isoforsythoside, forsythoside A, forsythoside B	Influenza, RSV, HIV, NDV	Chito-oligosaccharides	[164]
Andrographolide	DENV, CHIKV, HBV, HCV, HSV1, EBV, HIV HPV16, pseudovirus, influenza.	Microspheres; nanosuspension and self-nanodispersion; nanoparticles, SMEDDS, inclusion complex	[165,165]
Anthocyanin-rich extracts (from Mulberry) and purified compounds (i.e., delphinidin, cyanidin, and pelargonidin)	Influenza virus, HSV type 1 and 2, RV, Adenovirus 36, BT2, T4 and simian rotavirus SA-11, HAV, FCV-F9 and MNV-1, HCV, WNV, DENV, and ZIKV.	Micro/nanoencapsulation systems, nano/micro-gels, spray-drying and freeze-drying, electrohydrodynamic encapsulation, emulsification and liposomal encapsulation	[166,167,168] [169]
Curcumin	ZIKV, CHIKV, norovirus, Influenza, DENV type 2, RSV, HBV, HCV, HPV, HIV, CMV, EV71.	Nanoparticles, solid dispersion, SNEDDS, SMEDDS, lipid carrier, copolymeric and mixed micelles, exosomes	[170,171]
Water extract from Panax ginseng root and punicalagin	HSV types 1 and 2	Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) hydrogel	[172,173]
Water extract from Panax ginseng root and punicalagin	Influenza A virus (strain A/PR/8)	Ultra-sonication-assisted silver nanoparticles	[172,173]
Hydroalcoholic extract from Elderberry and Eucalyptus	Influenza virus	Oil-in-water (o/w) and water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions	[174,175]
Hydroalcoholic extract from Elderberry and Eucalyptus	Common cold	Encapsulation (BerryPharma® brand)	[174,175]
Coumestrol	HSV types 1 and 2	Lipid nanoemulsion based on dioleylphosphocholine	[176]
Quercetin	JEV, influenza A, EBV, MAYV, RV, HCV	Nanocrystal, nanoparticles phytosome, nanoliposome, mixed micelles, SNEDDS, nanocarrier, nanoemulsion, nanosuspension	[177,178]
Naringenin	DENV, HCV	SNEDDS, solid dispersion, nanoparticles, liposome, nanosuspension, cyclodextrin complex	[178,179,180]
Resveratrol	HIV/AIDS	Polymeric nanoparticles, solid-liquid nanoparticles, self-emulsifying methods, nanosponges, liposomes, emulsion-liposome blends, lipid-core nanocapsules, active lipospheres	[179,180]
Silibinin	Hepatitis C virus infection	Encapsulation based on phytoliposomes	[181]