Figure 1.

EV in physiological and pathological processes. (A) EV and coagulation: EV enriched in phosphatidylserine (PS) and tissue factor (TF) can promote the activation of the coagulation cascade as well as platelet aggregation. (B) EV and endothelial activation: EV can modulate vasodilatation and vasoconstriction by activating endothelial cells, releasing cytokines, reducing nitric oxide (NO) production and increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. (C) EV and angiogenesis: EV can modulate angiogenesis by increasing ROS production, downregulating the VEGF pathway, modulating the migration and proliferation of endothelial cells and matrix degradation. This figure has been created using Servier Medical Art templates, which are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License; https://smart.servier.com (accessed on 28 March 2021).