Table 2.

Extracellular vesicles in systemic lupus erythematosus.

Study	EV Concentration	Cellular Origin of EV	EV Pathological Significance	Reference
Burbano, C.; et al.	Increased in SLE compared to healthy controls	platelet	Formation of immune complexes, source of nuclear antigens, correlation with disease activity	[52]
López, P.; et al.	Increased in SLE compared to healthy controls	platelet, monocyte, T lymphocyte	EV level correlated with: disease activity, glucocorticoid therapy, endothelial vasodilatation	[58]
Atehortúa, L.; et al.			Endothelial cell activation, endothelial injury,	[60]
Winberg, L.-K.; et al., Dieker, J.J.; et al., Rother, N.; et al.			In vitro stimulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes with EV from SLE patients increased ROS production EV promote neutrophil activation and NETs production	[63,64,65]
Nielsen, C.T.; et al., Rasmussen, N.S.; et al.			IgG/galectin-3 binding protein (G3BP)+ EV are involved in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis	[67,68]
Lu, J.; et al., Vanegas-García, A.; et al.	Urinary podocyte-derived EV increased in SLE	Urinary EV	Urinary podocyte-derived EV level correlated with systemic disease activity and renal injury Urinary EV high-mobility group box 1 molecule (HMGB1)+ were found to be higher in lupus nephritis	[69,70]
Felip, M.L.; et al., Solé, C.; et al., Navarro-Quiroz, E.; et al., Li, Y.; et al., Garcia-Vives, E.; et al.	EV derived miRNA		miR-21, miR-150, and miR-29c, miR-31, miR-107, and miR-135b-5p correlated with renal injury in lupus nephritis	[72,73,74,75,76]
Mobarrez, F.; et al.	EV containing mitochondrial molecules (mitoEV)		mitoEV were associated with disease activity, immune complex formation and renal damage	[77]