Table 4.

Extracellular vesicles in ANCA-associated vasculitis.

Study	EV Biomarkers	EV Cellular Origin	Study Findings	Reference
Daniel, L.; et al.	proteinase 3 (PR3), myeloperoxidase (MPO)	EV released from primed neutrophils in vitro	EV can induce endothelial activation, ROS production, cytokines release	[91]
Brogan, P.A.; et al.		Platelets, neutrophils, endothelial cells	EV level increased in vasculitis Decrease of neutrophil-derived EV after treatment Endothelial-derived EV correlated with disease activity	[92]
Kahn, R.; et al.	B1 kinin receptor	Leukocytes	EV level increased in vasculitis Neutrophil-derived B1+ EV found on glomerular endothelial cells and renal injury	[93]
Prikryl, P.; et al.		Urinary EV	Proteomic EV profiling showed different regulation of proteins potentially involved in vasculitis pathogenesis	[94]
Surmiak, M.; et al.	leukotriene (LT)B4, 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-oxo-ETE)		EV enriched in LTB4 and 5-oxo-ETE in granulomatosis with polyangiitis	[95]
Wang, Y.; et al.			Sequencing analysis of EV miRNA cargo in microscopic polyangiitis identified a correlation between miR-185-3p, miR-125a-3p and both the clinical activity score and proteinuria	[97]
Manojlovic, M.; et al.	myeloperoxidase (MPO), PTX3, high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1)		PTX3+ and HMGB1+ EV correlated with disease activity HMGB1 potentially associated with renal injury	[98]
Antovic, A.; et al.	myeloperoxidase (MPO), C3a, C5a		MPO C3a+ and C5a+ EV increased in vasculitis, particularly in patients with renal involvement C3a and C5a expressed on EV correlated with disease activity	[100]
Miao, D.; et al.	chemokines, adhesion molecules, growth and apoptotic factors	Platelets	Increased EV in vasculitis EV correlate with disease activity and renal injury	[101]