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. 2021 Apr 19;21(8):2870. doi: 10.3390/s21082870

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Schematic of an unbalanced Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) used to measure frequency fluctuations of the light that was incident from the input port of the MZI. AOM1 and AOM2: Acousto-optic frequency shifters, FG: Function generator, PC3: Polarization controller, TIA: Transimpedance amplifier. f₂ and f₃ are up-conversion frequencies by the AMO1 and AOM2, respectively. PC3 was adjusted for the amplitude of the beat signal to reach its maximum value. The inset shows a typical phase change waveform, which was retrieved from the acquired beat signal waveform.