Table 1.
Cyanobacteria and hosts involved in symbiotic interactions.
| Host | Cyanobacteria | Interaction | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Microalgae (or photosynthetic protists) | |||
| Bacillariophyta—Rhizosolenia, Hemiaulus, Guinardia and Chaetoceros | Richelia intracellularis and Calothrix rhizosoleniae | Nitrogen fixing | [18,40] |
| Bacillariophyta—Climacodium frauenfeldianum | Crocosphaera watsonii | Nitrogen fixing | [41] |
| Bacillariophyta—Streptotheca and Neostrepthotheca | Crocosphaera watsonii | Nitrogen fixing | [42] |
| Solenicola setigera and Bacillariophyta—Leptocylindrus mediterraneus | Synechoccus sp. | Nitrogen fixing and photosynthesis | [43,44] |
| Haptophyta—Braarudosphaera bigelowii | Candidatus Atelocyanobacterium thalassa | Nitrogen fixing. Cyanobacterium lack in oxygen-evolving photosystem II (PSII), RuBisCo for CO2 fixation, and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) | [45,46,47,48,49] |
| Non-photosynthetic protists | |||
| Dinoflagellates | Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus | Nitrogen fixing | [50,51] |
| Tintinnids, Dinoflagellates, Radiolarians, | Synechococcus | Nitrogen fixing | [51,52] |
| Macroalgae | |||
| Ahnfeltiopsis flabelliformis | Acaryochloris marina | Not reported | [53] |
| Acanthophora spicifera | Lynbya sp. | Nutrient supply | [54] |
| Codium decorticatum | Calothrix, Anabaena and Phormidium | Nitrogen fixing | [55,56] |
| Seagrasses | |||
| Thalassia testudinum | unidentified | Carbon fixation | [57,58] |
| Cymodocea rotundata | Calothrix, Anabaena | Nitrogen fixing | [59] |
| Sponge | |||
| Petrosia ficiformis | Halomicronema metazoicum | Not reported | [60] |
| Petrosia ficiformis | Halomicronema cf. metazoicum | Production of secondary metabolites | [61] |
| Petrosia ficiformis | Cyanobium sp. | Production of secondary metabolites | [61] |
| Petrosia ficiformis | Synechococcus sp. | Production of secondary metabolites | [61] |
| Petrosia ficiformis | Pseudoanabaena sp. 1 | Production of secondary metabolites | [61] |
| Petrosia ficiformis | Pseudoanabaena sp. 2 | Production of secondary metabolites | [61] |
| Petrosia ficiformis | Leptolyngbya ectocarpi | Production of secondary metabolites | [61] |
| Petrosia ficiformis | Undetermined Oscillatoriales | Production of secondary metabolites | [61] |
| Petrosia ficiformis | Aphanocapsa feldmannii | Food supply | [62,63] |
| Chondrilla nucula | Not classified | Feeding | [63] |
| Dysidea herbacea | Oscillatoria spongeliae | Defensive ecological role—production of toxic compounds | [64,65] |
| Leucetta microraphis | Not classified | Defensive ecological role—production of toxic compounds | [66] |
| Ptilocaulis trachys | Not classified | Defensive ecological role—production of toxic compounds | [66] |
| Cnidaria | |||
| Acropora hyacintus and A. cytherea | Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus | Nitrogen fixing | [67] |
| Montastraea cavernosa | Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus | Nitrogen Fixing and Photoprotective or photosynthesis | [4] |
| Acropora millepora | Not classified | Nitrogen Fixing | [68,69,70] |
| Porites astreoides | Chroococcales, Nostocales, Oscillatoriales and Prochlorales | Nitrogen Fixing | [6] |
| Acropora muricata | Not classified | Not reported | [69] |
| Pocillopora damicornis | Not classified | Not reported | [69] |
| Isopora palifera | Chroococcidiopsis - Chroococcales | Nitrogen Fixing | [71] |
| Montipora flabellate and M. capitate | Fischerella UTEX1931; Trichodesmium sp.; Lyngbya majuscule; Cyanothece sp.; Gloeothece sp.; Synechocystis sp.; Myxosarcina sp.; Leptolyngbya boryana; Chlorogloeopsis sp.; Calothrix sp.; Tolypothrix sp.; Nostoc sp.; Anabaena sphaerica. | Nitrogen Fixing | [7] |
| Desmophyllum dianthus | Plectonema terebrans | Opportunistic feeding strategy | [72] |
| Caryophyllia huinayensis | Plectonema terebrans | Not reported | [72] |
| M. cavernosa, M. franksi and Diploria and Porites genus | Anabaena, Synechococcus, Spirulina, Trichodesmium, Lyngbya, Phormidium and Chroococcales cyanobacterium | Nitrogen Fixing Photoprotective compounds | [4,73,74,75,76] |
| Ascidians | |||
| Didemnum, Lissoclinum, Diplosoma and Trididemnum | Prochloron and Synechocystis | Secondary metabolites production | [77,78] |
| Botryllus schlosseri and Botrylloides leachii | Synechococcus related | Secondary metabolites production | [79] |
| Lissoclinum patella | Prochloron didemmi | Carbon and ammonia fixing; Oxidative stress protection | [80,81,82] |
| Lissoclinum patella | Acaryochloris marina | Not reported | [83] |
| Trididemnum solidum | Synechocystis trididemni | Production of biologically active molecules | [84,85] |